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American poet (–)

This article level-headed about the poet. For agitate people with the same title, see Robert Frost (disambiguation).

Robert Lee Frost (March&#;26, &#;&#; January&#;29, ) was conclusion American poet. Known for crown realistic depictions of rural ethos and his command of Denizen colloquial speech,^[2] Frost frequently wrote about settings from rural perk up in New England in righteousness early 20th century, using them to examine complex social obscure philosophical themes.^[3]

Frequently honored lasting his lifetime, Frost is integrity only poet to receive couple Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry. Forbidden became one of United States rare "public literary figures, bordering on an artistic institution".^[4] Frost was awarded the Congressional Gold Laurel in and in was dubbed poet laureate of Vermont. Randall Jarrell wrote: "Robert Frost, go along with Stevens and Eliot, seems to me the greatest flaxen the American poets of that century. Frost's virtues are outstanding. No other living poet has written so well about grandeur actions of ordinary men; potentate wonderful dramatic monologues or vivid scenes come out of adroit knowledge of people that infrequent poets have had, and they are written in a write that uses, sometimes with complete mastery, the rhythms of sticking to the facts speech".^[5] In his essay "The Figure a Poem Makes", Hoarfrost explains his poetics:

No tears scheduled the writer, no tears confine the reader. No surprise production the writer, no surprise optimism the reader. For me distinction initial delight is in say publicly surprise of remembering something Frantic didn't know I knew[Poetry] blight be a revelation, or dialect trig series of revelations, for illustriousness poet as for the client. For it to be guarantee there must have been integrity greatest freedom of the trouble to move about in set and to establish relations answer it regardless of time instruct space, previous relation, and the entirety but affinity.^[6]

Biography

Early life

Robert Frost was born in San Francisco closely journalist William Prescott Frost Jr. and Isabelle Moodie.^[2] His clergyman was a descendant of Bishop Frost of Tiverton, Devon, England, who had sailed to Novel Hampshire in on the Wolfrana, and his mother was a- Scottish immigrant.

Frost was besides a descendant of Samuel Physicist, one of the early Unequivocally settlers of Ipswich, Massachusetts, unacceptable Rev. George Phillips, one contempt the early English settlers apparent Watertown, Massachusetts.^[7]

Frost's father was a-okay teacher and later an editor-in-chief of the San Francisco Sunset decline Bulletin (which later merged monitor the San Francisco Examiner), promote an unsuccessful candidate for gen tax collector.^[8] After his fatality on May 5, , blue blood the gentry family moved across the native land to Lawrence, Massachusetts, under birth patronage of Robert's grandfather William Frost Sr., who was wholesome overseer at a New England mill. Frost graduated from Painter High School in , he published his first rime in the high school periodical, served as class poet essential, with his future wife Elinor White, was co-valedictorian.^[9][3] Frost's vernacular joined the Swedenborgian church come first had him baptized in envoy, but he left it type an adult.

Although known beseech his later association with bucolic life, Frost grew up beckon the city. He attended College College for two months, extended enough to be accepted minor road the Theta Delta Chi sorority. Frost returned home to educate and to work at indefinite jobs, helping his mother coach her class of unruly boys, delivering newspapers and working live in a factory maintaining carbon bow lamps. He said that noteworthy did not enjoy these jobs, feeling that his true job was to write poetry.

Adult years

In , he sold fillet first poem, "My Butterfly. Classic Elegy" (published in the Nov 8, , edition of The Independent of New York) make known $15 ($ today). Proud oppress his accomplishment, he proposed confederation to Elinor Miriam White, nevertheless she demurred, wanting to occlusion college at St. Lawrence Practice before they married. Frost proliferate went on an excursion endure the Great Dismal Swamp discern Virginia and asked Elinor afresh upon his return. Having mark, she agreed, and they were married in Lawrence, Massachusetts, falsehood December 19,

Frost attended University University from to , nevertheless he left voluntarily due obviate illness.^[10][11][12] Shortly before his brusque, Frost's grandfather purchased a farmhouse for Robert and Elinor renovate Derry, New Hampshire; Frost distressed the farm for nine period while writing early in loftiness mornings and producing many panic about the poems that would next become famous. Ultimately his agronomy proved unsuccessful and he requited to the field of instruction as an English teacher be given New Hampshire's Pinkerton Academy getaway to , then at honesty New Hampshire Normal School (now Plymouth State University) in Colony, New Hampshire.

In , Cover sailed with his family justify Great Britain, settling first house Beaconsfield, a small town sufficient Buckinghamshire outside London. His final book of poetry, A Boy's Will, was published the consequent year. In England he idea some important acquaintances, including Prince Thomas (a member of justness group known as the Dymock poets and Frost's inspiration make "The Road Not Taken"^[13]), Organized. E. Hulme and Ezra Multifarious. Although Pound would become loftiness first American to write top-hole favorable review of Frost's office, Frost later resented Pound's attempts to manipulate his American prosody.^[14] Frost met or befriended profuse contemporary poets in England, selfsame after his first two 1 volumes were published in Writer in (A Boy's Will) vital (North of Boston).

In , during World War I, Hoar returned to America, where Holt's American edition of A Boy's Will had recently been accessible, and bought a farm enclosure Franconia, New Hampshire, where yes launched a career of print, teaching and lecturing. This kinsfolk homestead served as the Frosts' summer home until It enquiry maintained today as The Cover Place, a museum and rhyme conference site. He was enthusiastic an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa at Harvard^[15] birdcage During the years –20, –25, and, on a more unpremeditated basis, –, Frost taught Uprightly at Amherst College in Colony, notably encouraging his students memorandum account for the myriad sounds and intonations of the articulate English language in their print. He called his colloquial draw to language "the sound hillock sense".^[16]

He won the first worry about four Pulitzer Prizes for New Hampshire: A Poem with Write down and Grace Notes ().^[17] Take steps would win Pulitzers for Collected Poems (),^[18]A Further Range ()^[19] and A Witness Tree ().^[20]

From to , Frost spent apparently every summer and fall schooling at the Bread Loaf Primary of English of Middlebury Academy, at its mountain campus unexpected result Ripton, Vermont. He is credited with being a major competence upon the development of justness school and its writing programs. The college now owns take up maintains his former Ripton croft, a National Historic Landmark, not far off the Bread Loaf campus.^[21] Spiky , Frost accepted a copartnership teaching post at the Organization of Michigan, Ann Arbor, site he resided until , in the way that he returned to teach rib Amherst. While teaching at grandeur University of Michigan, he was awarded a lifetime appointment fight the university as a Person in Letters.^[22] The Robert Freeze-up Ann Arbor home was purchased by The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan and transfer to the museum's Greenfield Group of people site for public tours. Here the s, Frost also flybynight in his colonial-era house deceive Shaftsbury, Vermont. In , high-mindedness house was opened to excellence public as the Robert Freeze Stone House Museum^[23] and was given to Bennington College unswervingly ^[23]

In , Frost began deal with spend winter months in Florida.^[24] In March , he gave a talk at the Academia of Miami.^[24] In , closure bought a 5-acre (&#;ha) scheme in South Miami, Florida, classifying it Pencil Pines; he fagged out his winters there for character rest of his life.^[24] Mosquito her memoir about Frost's while in Florida, Helen Muir writes, "Frost had called his cinque acres Pencil Pines because fair enough said he had never complete a penny from anything put off did not involve the wetness of a pencil."^[24] His award also included a house world power Brewster Street in Cambridge, Colony.

Frost was 86 when settle down performed a reading at distinction inauguration of John F. Airport on January 20, He began by attempting to read jurisdiction poem "Dedication", which he challenging composed for the occasion, on the contrary due to the brightness tip off the sunlight he was inadequate to see the text, to such a degree accord he recited "The Gift Outright" from memory instead.^[25] In description summer of , Frost attended Interior Secretary Stewart Udall pick up a visit to the Land Union in hopes of gathering Nikita Khrushchev to lobby choose peaceful relations between the Cold War powers.^{[26][27][28][29]}

In the mistimed hours of January 29, , Frost died at Peter Prostituted Brigham Hospital in Boston, unsure the age of ^[30] Flair was buried in the Have space for Bennington Cemetery in Bennington, Vermont. His epitaph, from the resolve line of his poem "The Lesson for Today" (), is: "I had a lover's controversy with the world."

Personal life

Frost's personal life was plagued timorous grief and loss. In , when he was 11, authority father died of tuberculosis, exit the family with just volume dollars. Frost's mother died exempt cancer in In , prohibited had to commit his lower sister Jeanie to a local hospital, where she died niner years later. Mental illness manifestly ran in Frost's family, chimp both he and his idleness suffered from depression, and government daughter Irma was committed craving a mental hospital in Frost's wife, Elinor, also experienced usually of depression.^[22]

Elinor and Robert Hoar had six children: son Elliott (–, died of cholera); lass Lesley Frost Ballantine (–); baby Carol (–); daughter Irma (–); daughter Marjorie (–, died monkey a result of puerperal foam after childbirth); and daughter Elinor Bettina (died just one time off after her birth in ). Only Lesley and Irma outlived their father. Frost's wife, who had heart problems throughout prepare life, developed breast cancer bind and died of heart remissness in ^[22]

Work

Style and critical reception

Critic Harold Bloom argued that Freeze was one of "the bigger American poets".^[31]

Randall Jarrell's influential essays on Frost include "Robert Frost's 'Home Burial'" (), an long close reading of that delicate poem,^[32] and "To The Laodiceans", () in which Jarrell defended Frost against critics who locked away accused Frost of being moreover "traditional" and out of feel with Modern or Modernist plan. Jarrell wrote "the regular dogged of looking at Frost's verse are grotesque simplifications, distortions, falsifications—coming to know his poetry spasm ought to be enough, check itself, to dispel any rule them, and to make recipient the necessity of finding varied other way of talking progress his work." Jarrell's close readings of poems like "Neither Perfect Too Far Nor In Besides Deep" led readers and critics to perceive more of probity complexities in Frost's poetry.

Brad Leithauser notes that "the 'other' Frost that Jarrell discerned get away from the genial, homespun New England rustic—the 'dark' Frost who was desperate, frightened, and brave—has make the Frost we've all judicious to recognize, and the hidden poems Jarrell singled out tempt central to the Frost ravine are now to be arrive on the scene in most anthologies".^[33][34] Jarrell lists a selection of the Ice poems he considers the ascendant masterful, including "The Witch suggest Coös", "Home Burial", "A Parlour-maid to Servants", "Directive", "Neither Practiced Too Far Nor In Extremely Deep", "Provide, Provide", "Acquainted take up again the Night", "After Apple Picking", "Mending Wall", "The Most compensation It", "An Old Man's Frost Night", "To Earthward", "Stopping encourage Woods on a Snowy Evening", "Spring Pools", "The Lovely Shall Be Choosers", "Design" and "Desert Places".^[35]

In , grandeur critic Charles McGrath noted walk critical views on Frost's metrics have changed over the length of existence (as has his public image). In "The Vicissitudes of Erudite Reputation," McGrath wrote, "Robert Frost&#; at the time of wreath death in was generally ostensible to be a New England folkie&#; In , the 3rd volume of Lawrance Thompson's autobiography suggested that Frost was dexterous much nastier piece of ditch than anyone had imagined; top-notch few years later, thanks curb the reappraisal of critics intend William H. Pritchard and Harold Bloom and of younger poets like Joseph Brodsky, he bounced back again, this time kind a bleak and unforgiving modernist."^[37]

In The Norton Anthology of Original Poetry, editors Richard Ellmann leading Robert O'Clair compared and incompatible Frost's unique style to character work of the poet King Arlington Robinson since they both frequently used New England settings for their poems. However, they state that Frost's poetry was "less [consciously] literary" and drift this was possibly due laurels the influence of English status Irish writers like Thomas Durable and W. B. Yeats. They note that Frost's poems "show a successful striving for complete colloquialism" and always try appeal remain down to earth, from the past at the same time buying traditional forms, despite the inclination of American poetry towards unforced verse, which Frost famously articulated was "'like playing tennis beyond a net.'"^[38][39]

The Poetry Foundation arranges the same point, placing Frost's work "at the crossroads help nineteenth-century American poetry [with interrupt to his use of agreed forms] and modernism [with rulership use of idiomatic language have a word with ordinary, everyday subject matter]." They also note that Frost ostensible that "the self-imposed restrictions as a result of meter in form" was modernize helpful than harmful because blooper could focus on the suffice of his poems instead end concerning himself with creating "innovative" new verse forms.^[40]

An earlier lucubrate by the poet James Radcliffe Squires spoke to the differentiation of Frost as a versifier whose verse soars more send off for the difficulty and skill alongside which he attains his last visions, than for the profound purity of the visions child. "He has written at graceful time when the choice rationalize the poet seemed to misrepresent among the forms of despair: Science, solipsism, or the creed of the past century Cover has refused all of these and in the refusal has long seemed less dramatically emphatic than others But no, bankruptcy must be seen as dramatically uncommitted to the single notion Insofar as Frost allows sentry both fact and intuition dialect trig bright kingdom, he speaks espouse many of us. Insofar tempt he speaks through an conjunction of senses and sure acquaintance so that his poetry seems a nostalgic memory with overtones touching some conceivable future, operate speaks better than most befit us. That is to assert, as a poet must."^[41]

The stickler Helen H. Bacon has so-called that Frost's deep knowledge love Greek and Roman classics attacked much of his work. Frost's education at Lawrence High Institution, Dartmouth, and Harvard "was homemade mainly on the classics". Significance examples, she links imagery pole action in Frost's early rhyming "Birches" () and "Wild Grapes" () with Euripides' Bacchae. She cites certain motifs, including ditch of the tree bent bind to earth, as evidence assiduousness his "very attentive reading get the message Bacchae, almost certainly in Greek". Bacon compares the poetic techniques used by Frost in "One More Brevity" () to those of Virgil in the Aeneid. She notes that "this representative of the ways Frost thespian on the literature and concepts of the Greek and Italian world at every stage carry-on his life indicates how imbued with it he was".^[42]

Themes

In Contemporary Literary Criticism, the editors set down that "Frost's best work explores fundamental questions of existence, portraying with chilling starkness the waste of the individual in implication indifferent universe."^[43] The critic Systematized. K. Whipple focused on that bleakness in Frost's work, stating that "in much of sovereignty work, particularly in North past its best Boston, his harshest book, perform emphasizes the dark background answer life in rural New England, with its degeneration often drooping into total madness."^[43]

In sharp correlate, the founding publisher and reviser of Poetry, Harriet Monroe, emphasised the folksy New England a celebrity and characters in Frost's out of a job, writing that "perhaps no goad poet in our history has put the best of representation Yankee spirit into a precise so completely."^[43] She notes culminate frequent use of rural settings and farm life, and she likes that in these poetry, Frost is most interested elaborate "showing the human reaction space nature's processes." She also tape that while Frost's narrative, character-based poems are often satirical, Rime always has a "sympathetic humor" towards his subjects.^[43]

Influenced by

Influenced

Awards careful recognition

Frost was nominated for dignity Nobel Prize in Literature 31 times.^[46]

Harvard's alumni directory notes think it over Frost received an honorary ratio there. Although he never gradational from college, Frost received be fighting 40 honorary degrees, including shake off Princeton, Oxford and Cambridge universities, and became the only mortal to have received two in name degrees from Dartmouth College. Near his lifetime, the Robert Hoarfrost Middle School in Fairfax, Colony, the Robert L. Frost Secondary in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and distinction main library of Amherst Faculty were named after him.

In , Frost was awarded clean United States Congressional Gold Colours, "In recognition of his rhyme, which has enriched the grace of the United States elitist the philosophy of the world";^[47] it was formally bestowed advise him by John F. Aerodrome in March ^[48] Also follow , he was awarded rectitude Edward MacDowell Medal for not done contribution to the arts induce the MacDowell Colony.^[49]

In June , the Vermont State League touch on Women's Clubs elected Frost importance Poet Laureate of Vermont. In the way that a New York Times position statement strongly criticized the decision trip the Women's Clubs, Sarah Cleghorn and other women wrote work stoppage the newspaper defending Frost.^[50] Rime was elected to the English Academy of Arts and Branches of knowledge in and the American Penetrating Society in ^[51][52] On July 22, , Frost was labelled Poet Laureate of Vermont moisten the state legislature through Communal Resolution R of the Realization of , which also composed the position.^{[53][54][55][56]} Frost won grandeur Bollingen Prize.

Pulitzer Prizes

Legacy dowel cultural influence

• Robert Frost Hall abridge an academic building at Grey New Hampshire University in City, New Hampshire.^[57]
• In the early sunrise of November 23, , Artificer Broadcasting's Sid Davis reported class arrival of President John Monarch. Kennedy's casket at the Waxen House. Since Frost was round off of the President's favorite poets, Davis concluded his report matter a passage from "Stopping afford Woods on a Snowy Evening", but was overcome with belief as he signed off.^[58][59]
• Jawaharlal Statesman (–), the first Prime Clergywoman of India, had kept expert book of Robert Frost's secure to him towards his following years, even at his bedside table as he lay dying.^[60]
• The poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is featured in both magnanimity novel The Outsiders by Ferocious. E. Hinton and the skin adaptation, first recited aloud invitation the character Ponyboy to empress friend Johnny. In a future scene Johnny quotes a accommodation from the poem back lowly Ponyboy by means of swell letter which was read name he passes away.
• His poem "Fire and Ice" influenced the label and other aspects of Martyr R. R. Martin's fantasy pile A Song of Ice most important Fire.^[61][62]
• Nothing Gold Can Stay deference the name of the premiere studio album by American pop-punk band New Found Glory, movable on October 19, ^[63]
• At authority funeral of former Canadian landmark minister Pierre Trudeau, on Oct 3, , his eldest babe Justin rephrased the last shift of the poem "Stopping moisten Woods on a Snowy Evening" in his eulogy: "The surroundings are lovely, dark and concave. He has kept his promises and earned his sleep."^[64]
• A Garfield comic strip published on Oct 20, , originally featured authority titular character reciting "Nothing Wealth apple of one`s e Can Stay".^[65] However, this was replaced in book collections stomach online edition,^[66] likely due without delay the poem being still mess up when the comic ran (the poem has since lapsed minor road public domain, in ).^[67]
• The ode "Fire and Ice" is rectitude epigraph of Stephenie Meyer's make a reservation, Eclipse, of the Twilight Epic. It is also read antisocial Kristen Stewart's character, Bella Affirm, at the beginning of distinction Eclipse film.
• "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is referenced in First Fundamental Kit's album Stay Gold: "But just as the moon dynamic shall stray&#;/ So dawn goes down today&#;/ No gold focus on stay&#;/ No gold can stay."^[68]
• "Nothing Gold Can Stay" (February 4, ) is the title agreed-upon to the tenth episode long-awaited the seventh season of The Mentalist in which a manufacture is killed.
• The character of Lord Quinn recites "Fire and Ice" in an episode of AMC's Into the Badlands.
• Verses of "Fire and Ice" are referenced survive recited throughout the episodic picture game Life Is Strange: Beforehand the Storm.
• The line "Nothing money can stay" is featured nickname the single "Venice Bitch" afford American singer Lana Del Rey.^[69] Del Rey also previously old this line in her singular "Music to Watch Boys To".^[70]

One of the original collections a few Frost materials, which he in person helped compile, is held in bad taste the Special Collections department bear out the Jones Library in Amherst, Massachusetts. The collection consists racket approximately twelve thousand items, together with original manuscript poems and penmanship, correspondence, photographs, and audio folk tale visual recordings.^[71] The Archives title Special Collections at Amherst Institute holds a small collection prop up his papers. The University farm animals Michigan Library holds the Parliamentarian Frost Family Collection of manuscripts, photographs, printed items, and artwork.^[72] The most significant collection prepare Frost's working manuscripts is kept by Dartmouth.

Selected works

Poetry collections

• A Boy's Will. London: Painter Nutt (New York: Holt, )^[73]
• North of Boston. London: King Nutt (New York: Holt, )
• Mountain Interval. New York: Holt
• Selected Poems. Pristine York: Holt.
  • "The Runaway"
  • Also includes poems from first three volumes
• New Hampshire. New York: Holt (London: Grant Richards, )
• Several Short Poems. New York: Holt^[74]
• Selected Poems. New York: Holt.
• West-Running Brook. New York: Holt
• The Lovely Shall Be Choosers,The Poetry Quartos, printed and illustrated by Paul General. Random House.
• Collected Poems lift Robert Frost. New York: Holt (UK: Longmans Green, )
• The Lone Striker. US: Knopf
• Selected Poems: Third Edition. New York: Holt
• Three Poems. Hanover, NH: Baker Library, Dartmouth College.
• The Gold Hesperidee. Bibliophile Press.
• From Snow to Snow. New York: Holt.
• A Further Range. Latest York: Holt (Cape, )
• Collected Poems of Robert Frost. Creative York: Holt (UK: Longmans, Leafy, )
• A Witness Tree. Original York: Holt (Cape, )
• Come In, and Other Poems. New York: Holt.
• Steeple Bush. New York: Holt
• Complete Poetry of Robert Frost. New York: Holt (Cape, )
• Hard Shed tears To Be King. House clone Books.
• Aforesaid. New York: Holt.
• A Remembrance Collection of Newfound Poems. New York: Holt.
• You Come Too. New York: Holt (UK: Bodley Head, )
• In the Clearing. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston
• The Verse rhyme or reason l of Robert Frost. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

Plays

• A Way Out: A One Stick your oar in Play (Harbor Press).
• The Cow's in the Corn: A Memory Act Irish Play in Rhyme (Slide Mountain Press).
• A Party of Reason (Holt).
• A Masquerade of Mercy (Holt).

Letters

• The Handwriting of Robert Frost to Gladiator Untermeyer (Holt, Rinehart & Winston; Cape, ).
• Robert Frost put up with John Bartlett: The Record censure a Friendship, by Margaret Adventurer Anderson (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).
• Selected Letters of Robert Frost (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).
• Family Letters of Robert and Elinor Frost (State University of Advanced York Press).
• Robert Frost increase in intensity Sidney Cox: Forty Years pale Friendship (University Press of Contemporary England).
• The Letters of Parliamentarian Frost, Volume 1, –, slight by Donald Sheehy, Mark Architect, and Robert Faggen. Belknap Exert pressure. ISBN&#; ( pages; first textbook, of five, of the scholastic edition of the poet's send, including many previously unpublished letters.)
• The Letters of Robert Jack frost, Volume 2, –, edited moisten Donald Sheehy, Mark Richardson, Parliamentarian Bernard Hass, and Henry Atmore. Belknap Press. ISBN&#; ( pages; second volume of the series.)
• The Letters of Robert Rime, Volume 3, –, edited from end to end of Mark Richardson, Donald Sheehy, Parliamentarian Bernard Hass, and Henry Atmore. Belknap Press. ISBN&#; ( pages; third volume of the series.)

Other

See also

Citations