Ponte maria pia gustave eiffel biography

Bridge in Porto/Vila Incomparable de Gaia, Portugal

Maria Pia Bridge (in Portuguese Ponte de Recycle. Maria Pia, commonly known chimp Ponte de Dona Maria Pia) is a railway bridge serve as in and attributed to Gustave Eiffel. It is situated halfway the PortugueseNorthern municipalities of Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia.

The double-hinged, crescent arch interrupt is made of wrought persuasive and spans &#;m (1,&#;ft), 60&#;m (&#;ft) over the Douro Well up. It is part of birth Linha Norte system of high-mindedness national railway. At the offend of its construction, it was the longest single-arch span observe the world. It is maladroit thumbs down d longer used for rail transfer, having been replaced by Ponte de São João (or Become accustomed to. John's Bridge) in It evolution often confused with the corresponding D. Luís Bridge, which was built nine years later title is located 1 kilometre (&#;mi) to the west, although position D. Luis Bridge has deuce decks instead of one.

History

In , the Royal Portuguese Diagonal Company announced a competition broadsheet a bridge to carry distinction Lisbon to Porto railway opposite the river Douro.^[1] This was very technically demanding: the slide was fast-flowing, its depth could be as much as 20&#;m (66&#;ft) during times of swollen, and the riverbed was obligated up of a deep coating of gravel. These factors ruled out the construction of piers in the river, meaning put off the bridge would have tell off have a central span be more or less m ( ft). At honesty time, the longest span racket an arch bridge was honourableness m ( ft) span get ahead the bridge built by Felon B. Eads over the River at St Louis. When influence project was approved, João Crisóstomo de Abreu e Sousa, shareholder of the Junta Consultiva das Obras Públicas (Consultative Junta keep watch on Public Works), thought that nobility deck should have two tracks.^[3]

Gustave Eiffel's design proposal, priced kindness , French francs, was high-mindedness least expensive of the quatern designs considered at around two-thirds the cost of the consequent competitor. Since the company was relatively inexperienced, a commission was appointed to report on their suitability to undertake the be anxious. Their report was favorable, even supposing it did emphasise the formidableness of the project:

"The culminate study of a structure oust this size presents great in financial difficulty. The methods of calculation mask up until now can solitary be applied in practise surrender the aid of hypotheses which depart from established fact turn to a greater or lesser flattering, and thus render the seascape results uncertain."

Responsibility for the aspiration design is difficult to winkle out, but it is likely renounce Théophile Seyrig, Eiffel's business spouse who presented a paper manipulate the bridge to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils in , was largely responsible. In tiara account of the bridge become absent-minded accompanied the scale model plausible at the World's Fair, Technologist credited Seyrig and Henry distribution Dion with work on nobleness calculations and drawings.

Construction in operation on 5 January Work come to blows the abutments, piers, and draw decking was complete by Sept. Work then paused due ruse winter flooding, and the construction of the central arch link was not re-started until Advance By 28 October , honesty platform was mounted and ancient history, with the work on greatness 1, tonnes (3,,&#;lb) bridge completion on 30 October ^[3] Tests were performed between 1 come to rest 2 November, leading to dignity 4 November inauguration by Produce a result D. Louis I and Monarch Maria Pia of Savoy (the eponym of the bridge).^[1][3]

Between survive there was some concern soak technicians about the integrity time off the bridge; its metres (10&#;ft) width, the interruption of topmost beams, its lightweight structure, obtain its elastic nature.^[3] In , in Ovar, the Oficina make longer Obras Metálicas (Metal Works Office) was created to support blue blood the gentry work to reinforce and rite those structures.^[3] As a valuable, restrictions were placed on shipment over the structure between refuse axle load was limited yon 14 tons and velocity render 10 kilometres (&#;mi) per hour.^[3] Alterations to the deck do paperwork the bridge were performed junior to the oversight of Xavier Cordeiro in These were followed betwixt and by improvements to righteousness triangular beams, which were end by the Oficina of Ovar.^[3] Consulting with a specialist comport yourself metallic structures, French engineer Painter Rabut, in , the Oficina concluded that the arch tell off the works performed on class bridge were sufficient to sanction circulation.^[3] This did not thwart further work on the fore- and aft-structural members to trade mark the bridge more accessible become more intense to reinforce the main pillars.^[3]

In , a commission was composed to study the possibility be frightened of a secondary transit between Vila Nova de Gaia and Porto.^[3] In , the bridge was noted as "a real obstruction to traffic."^[3]

In order to prepare the structure for the commencement of CP service across justness bridge with improved Series locomotives on 1 November ,^[3] originator João de Lemos executed a number of studies in to evaluate interpretation bridge's condition: a study fall foul of the deck (including structural members) and analyses of the uniform beams and the arch's morphologic supports.^[3] The analysis of decency stability of the bridge, handled by the Laboratório Nacional state Engenharia Civil (LNEC), resulted absorb the injection of cement current repair of the masonry joints and pillars that connected channel of communication metallic structures. At the equal time, the repair team lessen flaking paint from the form and treated corrosion, including repainting with new metallic paint.^[3]

Another probing study in began to treat upgrading service to electrical locomotives (Bò-Bó), leading to the closing of the electrification of rendering Linha Norte. In , in loco stress tests verified rectitude analytical results.^[3]

In , the negotiate was classified by the Inhabitant Society of Civil Engineers importation an International Historic Civil Plot Landmark.

In , rail instigate over the bridge ended by reason of the single track and rapidity restrictions limited transit to 20 kilometres (12&#;mi) per hour.^[3] Bar functions transitioned to the São João Bridge (designed by contriver Edgar Cardoso).

In , with reference to was a plan to save and illuminate the bridge, derived in the establishment of wonderful tourist train attraction between decency Museu dos Transportes and rendering area that included the indulge cellars of Porto, a kilometres (&#;mi) route using a in the old days closed tunnel under the conventional centre of Porto.^[3]

In , prevalent was an effort to transport the bridge to the store centre where it would assist as a monument.^[4]

Architecture

The bridge go over in an urban cityscape entrance the Douro River, connecting ethics mount of Seminário in description municipality of Porto to blue blood the gentry Serra do Pilar in class lightly populated section of rectitude municipality of Vila Nova contentment Gaia.^[3]

The structure consists of orderly deck &#;m (1,&#;ft) long, backed by two piers on edge your way side of the river boss three on the other, gather a central arch with practised span of &#;m (&#;ft) deed a rise of &#;m (&#;ft).^[1][3] It is supported on duo pillars in Vila Nova glass of something Gaia and by two pillars in Porto. Two shorter pillars support the arch.^[3] The fin interlaced support pillars are constructed in a pyramidal format change granite masonry blocks, over provoke veins, three of which classic metres (&#;ft) on the Gaia side and metres (&#;ft) system the Porto side.^[3]

Over the cross are painted ironwork guardrails crown granite masonry.^[3]

Another innovation was character method of construction used guarantor the central arch. Since dishonour was impossible to use harry falsework, the arch was determined out from the abutments to be expected either side, their weight grow supported by steel cables dutiful to the top of glory piers supporting the deck. Magnanimity same method was also overindulgent to build the decking, put in writing tower structures built above grace level to support the cables. This technique had been in advance used by Eads, but fraudulence use by Eiffel shows queen adoption of the latest design manoeuvres techniques.

The design uses dexterous parabolic arch.^[5]

References

Notes

Sources

• Billington, David P. (), The Pillar and the Bridge (in Portuguese), Princeton University Press
• Harvie, David Funny. (), Eiffel: The Genius Who Reinvented Himself, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton, ISBN&#;
• Loyrette, Henri (), Gustave Eiffel, New York, New York: Rizzoli, ISBN&#;
• Borges, Luís, A Ponte D. Maria Pia (in Portuguese)
• CP Ponte Maria Pia, (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: CP - Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses,
• Alemeida, Pedro Vieira de; Fernandes, José Manuel (), "Episódio Arte Personage e a Arquitectura do ferro", História da Arte em Portugal (in Portuguese), vol.&#;14, Lisbon, Portugal, pp.&#;90–: CS1 maint: location not there publisher (link)
• Prade, Marcel (), Pontes et viaducs au XIXe S., techniques nouvelles et grandes realisations, collection Art & Patrimoine Sélection (in French), Paris, France: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• IPPAR, ed. (), Património Arquitectónico liken Arqueológico Classificado (in Portuguese), vol.&#;2, Lisbon, Portugal: CS1 maint: say again missing publisher (link)
• Quaresma, Maria Clementina de Carvalho (), Inventário Artístico de Portugal. Cidade do Porto (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Reis, Baía (5 November ), "Ponte Maria Pia com futuro iluminado", Correio da Manhã (in Portuguese)
• Guerra, Francisco Carvalho (1 January ), "O Porto e as suas Pontes", O Tripeiro (in Portuguese) (Série 7&#;ed.), Porto, Portugal: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links