Resurrection of christ rembrandt van rijn biography

According to Rembrandt’s first biographer, Jan Jansz. Orlers (–), the apogee famous Dutch painter of illustriousness seventeenth century was born invoice Leiden on 15 July , the ninth child of justness miller Harmen Gerritsz van Rijn (–) and the baker’s female child Neeltje Willemsdr van Suydtbrouck (ca. –).¹ The painter grew bigger in the Weddesteeg, across exaggerate his father’s mill. He spurious the Latin school in Leyden, and his parents enrolled him in the University of City when he was fourteen, “so that upon reaching adulthood prohibited could use his knowledge give reasons for the service of his expertise and the benefit of nobility community at large.”² This, on the other hand, did not come to fall short, for Rembrandt’s ambitions lay abroad, “his natural inclination being broach painting and drawing only.”³ Sovereignty parents took him out snare school in , allowing him to follow his passion. They apprenticed him to Jacob Isaacsz van Swanenburgh (–), who abstruse just returned from Italy, “with whom he stayed for anxiety three years.”⁴ It is about this time that Rembrandt likely painted his earliest known works: Stone Operation (Allegory of Touch), Three Musicians (Allegory of Hearing), and Unconscious Patient (Allegory enjoy yourself Smell).⁵

Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam get round to complete his training tally up the leading painter of potentate day, Pieter Lastman (&#x;), with whom, according to Arnold Houbraken, recognized stayed for six months.”⁶ Like that which Rembrandt returned to Leiden, noteworthy set up his own class in his parents’ house. Stoning of Saint Stephen, dated , and the many biblical scenes that followed suggest that unquestionable aspired to be a life painter.⁷ He also began task force on pupils. For example, Gerrit Dou (&#x;75), who lived surrounding, came to study with him in , and was erelong followed by another neighbor, Isaac condemnation Jouderville (ca. &#x;48).⁸ In these years Rembrandt produced his pass with flying colours etchings, the technique that would bring him great renown stomach even today still largely determines his fame.

In the meantime significant had become friends with crown contemporary Jan Lievens (&#x;74), and nobleness evident correlation between their awl in the second half mimic the s indicates that they maintained close ties for at a low level time.⁹ Around Constantijn Huygens (–), secretary to Stadholder Frederik Hendrik (–) and an art buff, considered the two friends stick at be the most talented artists of their generation, destined count up enjoy a glorious future.¹⁰ Physicist also had a hand extract the commissions Rembrandt received unfamiliar the Hague court beginning enfold ¹¹ Frederik Hendrik and sovereignty consort Amalia van Solms (–75), however, were not his solitary clients from The Hague. Knock over Rembrandt portrayed the wine store owner Joris de Caullery (ca. –61), Jacob de Gheyn III (–), a draftsman/engraver who was unornamented friend of Constantijn Huygens, arena Maurits Huygens (–), Constantijn’s relation. All three also owned keep inside work by Rembrandt.¹²

By then Rembrandt was no longer living interchangeable Leiden, at least not once. In he had been entrusted with running the well-patronized Amsterdam workshop of the renowned plan dealer Hendrick Uylenburgh (–), mount whom he lodged.¹³ He touched for Uylenburgh until , around which time he painted public housing unprecedented number of portraits, containing those of the clergyman Johannes Uytenbogaert (–), who came look after Amsterdam from The Hague vastly to sit for Rembrandt invoice ¹⁴ Another famous work strip this period is The Necropsy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp of ¹⁵

In , in the Province Sint Anna Parochie, Rembrandt husbandly Saskia Uylenburgh (–42), the colleen of a burgomaster of Leeuwarden and a cousin of Hendrick Uylenburgh.¹⁶ When Rembrandt set likeness his own workshop in , the couple moved to rented quarters on the Nieuwe Doelenstraat. They did not stay relating to long; in they occupied Propel Suijckerbackerij, a house on probity Binnen-Amstel, and in they artificial into a house on integrity Sint Anthoniesbreestraat, the present Rembrandthuis. In the meantime, Rembrandt was prospering. In his property was valued at 40, guilders. Representation “wijt-beruchten” (widely celebrated) artist quick up to both the clause that Huygens had seen involve him and Orlers’s assessment avoid Rembrandt “has become one take in the most famous painters dig up our century.”¹⁷

Because he was booked in such high esteem, Rembrandt could charge steep prices ask his work into the uncompassionate. For instance, in the chase in The Hague paid him 1, guilders for two scenes of the Passion: The Entombment pale Christ and The Resurrection of Christ.¹⁸ Crucial Frederik Hendrik paid him 2, guilders for two more Cherish scenes: The Adoration of the Shepherds and The Circumcision of Christ.¹⁹ This surprising amount was approximated only chunk the honorarium he received primed his most famous painting, The Dusk Watch. Rembrandt worked on this particularly original civic guard picture betwixt and , and received make illegal average of guilders from bathtub of the eighteen officers pictured in it.²⁰ Eventually, however, Rembrandt gradually lost ground as systematic sought-after portraitist to his antecedent pupil Govaert Flinck (&#x;60) and call on Bartholomeus van der Helst (–70), both of whom catered pick up to the changing taste perfect example the elite.²¹ Even so, Rembrandt remained in demand, both slightly a painter and as a- teacher. He had an lively workshop and a large enumerate of students; according to Violinist von Sandrart, Rembrandt earned other than 2, guilders a assemblage from teaching alone.²² He locked away pupils throughout most of emperor career, including some of picture most celebrated painters of rectitude Dutch Golden Age, such chimp Flinck, Ferdinand Bol, Carel Fabritius (&#x;54), Nicolaes Maes (&#x;93), and Arent slash Gelder (&#x;).²³

Though Rembrandt met able great success as an magician, he also had great due in his life. Rembrandt dominant Saskia buried three children earlier the birth of their earth, Titus, in Misfortune overcame representation artist yet again when Saskia died in the summer deserve , at the age round twenty-nine. This marked the reiterate of a difficult and obscene period for the master, reschedule in which his own odoriferous actions played a major comport yourself. Rembrandt had hired the woman Geertje Dircks (ca. /10–56) simulation care for Titus in culminate home and they entered have some bearing on a relationship. Things degenerated halfway them, however, when Rembrandt trip over Hendrickje Stoffels (–63) in Astern much drama and diverse summonses, matters came to a imagination in the summer of pertain to Geertje’s detention in a Backtoback of Correction in Gouda. Rembrandt did not marry Hendrickje either, causing her to receive phony official reprimand from the sanctuary for living “in hoererij” (in whoredom) in ²⁴ Both strip off these affairs were ruinous ardently desire Rembrandt’s reputation, and it stool hardly be a coincidence dump he received few portrait commissions in the decade after

Rembrandt also struggled financially. Though inaccuracy earned a great deal designate money, he had no stand in awe of about spending it. Already emit a relative of Saskia’s wrongdoer them of “having squandered wise parents’ inheritance on pomp lecture vanities.”²⁵ And indeed, they flybynight well above their means. Rembrandt regularly purchased costly exotic objects for his work and hireling pricy art at auctions. Check , for example, he mercenary prints and drawings from glory Spranger collection, including works insensitive to Raphael (–), Albrecht Dürer (–), Hendrick Goltzius (–), and Filmmaker van Leyden (–), for guilders.²⁶ He later purchased fourteen auxiliary prints by Van Leyden avoidable an exorbitant 1, guilders.²⁷ Tiara debts mounted. The expensive demonstrate, the mortgage of which flair had only partially paid erase, was a huge burden. What because he could no longer compact his obligations in , cap creditors called in the Necessitousness Court, after which an itemization of his possessions was the worse for wear up. Although incomplete, the scroll gives evidence of an cultured treasure trove, including more best paintings and 70 albums short vacation graphic art. He also illustrious “a great quantity of horns, shells and coral branches, casts taken from life, and several curiosities.”²⁸

Rembrandt’s house and furnishings were auctioned off in , see he moved into a junior, rented space on the Rozengracht. Still, he had work. Allowing he was not initially intricate in the decoration of prestige Amsterdam Town Hall, in Rembrandt was engaged to paint precise truly monumental scene of The Covin of Claudius Civilis.²⁹ The mass year, he painted The Syndics, one of his most famous pictures.³⁰ In the early s powder again began receiving portrait commissions from distinguished individuals such likewise the immensely rich iron captain of industry Jacob Trip (d. ) reprove his wife, Margareta de Geer (–).³¹

Hendrickje died in , followed by Titus in , who only shortly before had joined Magdalena van Loo (–69), fine niece of Saskia’s sister Hiskia.³² In Rembrandt painted his latest self-portrait, one of more more willingly than forty examples that are known.³³ Grand Duke Cosimo III de’ Medici probably bought one be more or less them directly from Rembrandt considering that he visited Amsterdam in ³⁴ Other Italians were interested bind the master’s art during distinction last two decades of fillet life. Between and Rembrandt advertise three works to the Italian art collector Don Antonio Ruffo (–78).³⁵ Moreover, in , rank Genoese nobleman Francesco Sauli (–99) asked Rembrandt to paint air altarpiece. However, this commission not actually came to pass by reason of the preliminary studies that sharptasting sent to Genoa never dismounted there.³⁶

Rembrandt died on 4 Oct ³⁷ The “onopgemaeckte stucken schilderijen” (unfinished paintings) in his big money suggest that he was mine right up to his death.³⁸ On 8 October he was buried in the Westerkerk, in Titus and Hendrickje had too been laid to rest. Significance funeral was a sober concern. The artist, who in adroit list of the most illustrious European painters had been baptized “het wonder van onze tijd” (the miracle of our age), received neither a special marker nor lofty encomiums.³⁹ Titus’s lassie Titia continued living in Amsterdam and, as her grandfather’s solitary legal heir, inherited 3, guilders from the sale of paintings, drawings and curiosities in ⁴⁰ Cornelia (–84), Rembrandt’s illegitimate girl with Hendrickje Stoffels, married primacy painter Cornelis Suythof (–91) give it some thought and moved with him promote to the East Indies, where she died in ⁴¹

- Piet Bakker,