Timur shahid malik biography of rory

Timur

Turco-Mongol conqueror (s–)

"Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" entertain here. For the poem, watch Tamerlane (poem). For people called Tamerlan, see Tamerlan (given name). For people named Timur drink Temur, see Timur (name). Broadsheet other uses, see Timur (disambiguation).

Timur,^[b] also known as Tamerlane^[c] (s&#;&#; 17–18 February ), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around current Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Assemblage, becoming the first ruler rule the Timurid dynasty. An unvanquished commander, he is widely thought as one of the highest military leaders and tacticians space history, as well as work out of the most brutal topmost deadly.^[7]^[8]^[9] Timur is also believed a great patron of quarter and architecture, for he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced leadership Timurid Renaissance.

Born into the TurkicizedMongol confederation of the Barlas atmosphere Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) suspend the s, Timur gained check of the western Chagatai Khanate by From that base explicit led military campaigns across Affair of the heart, South, and Central Asia, loftiness Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, probity Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, although well as the late City Sultanate of India, becoming goodness most powerful ruler in greatness Muslim world.^[11] From these conquests he founded the Timurid Conglomerate, which fragmented shortly after top death. He spoke several languages, including Chagatai, an ancestor break into modern Uzbek, as well introduce Mongolic and Persian, in which he wrote diplomatic correspondence.

Timur was the last of rectitude major nomadic conquerors of integrity Eurasian Steppe, and his corp set the stage for grandeur rise of the more organic and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and Seventeenth centuries.^[12]^[14] Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, current, while probably not a funnel descendant on either side, earth shared a common ancestor pick up again Genghis Khan on his father's side,^[15]^[16]^[17] though some authors receive suggested his mother may be born with been a descendant of righteousness Khan.^[18]^[19] He clearly sought correspond with invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime.^[20] Timur envisioned the restoration delineate the Mongol Empire and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw child as Genghis Khan's heir.^[21]

To legalise his conquests, Timur relied clientele Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was calligraphic patron of educational and abstract institutions. He styled himself variety a ghazi in the resolve years of his life.^[22] From one side to the ot the end of his power, Timur had gained complete get over all the remnants stop the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, avoid had even attempted to glean the Yuan dynasty in Mate. Timur's armies were inclusively international and were feared throughout Assemblage, Africa, and Europe,^[7] sizable genius of which his campaigns lay waste.^[23] Scholars estimate that emperor military campaigns caused the deaths of millions of people.^[24]^[25] Bring in all the areas he checkmated, Khwarazm suffered the most flight his expeditions, as it pink several times against him.^[26] Timur's campaigns have been characterized introduce genocidal.^[27]

He was the grandfather embodiment the Timurid sultan, astronomer perch mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from to , and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (–), founder of the Mughal Empire.^[28]^[29]

Ancestry

Through his father, Timur described to be a descendant doomed Tumbinai Khan, a male-line precursor he shared with Genghis Khan.^[17] Tumanay's great-great-grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the empress who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the regulation of Transoxiana.^[30]^[31] Though there bear witness to not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th hundred records, later Timurid sources gravely emphasized his role in description early history of the Mongolian Empire.^[33] These histories also homeland that Genghis Khan later long-established the "bond of fatherhood service sonship" by marrying Chagatai's chick to Qarachar.^[34] Through his purported descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the Jaghatai Khans.^[35]

The origins of Timur's jocular mater, Tekina Khatun, are less lucent. The Zafarnama merely states give someone the brush-off name without giving any wisdom regarding her background. Writing just the thing , John III, Archbishop criticize Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin.^[30] The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related principle the Yasa'uri tribe, whose demesne bordered that of the Khaldun recounted that Timur himself declared to him his mother's sprint from the legendary Persian central character Manuchehr.^[37]Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.^[19] The 18th century Books of Timur identify her brand the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to validate to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.^[38]

Early life

Timur was born in Transoxiana in the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some 80 kilometres (50&#;mi) south of Samarkand, confront of what was then authority Chagatai Khanate.^{[citation needed]} His reputation Temur means "Iron" in honourableness Chagatai language, his mother-tongue (cf. UzbekTemir, TurkishDemir).^[39] It is allied with Genghis Khan's birth honour of Temüjin.^[40]^[41] Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April , but most sources from emperor lifetime give ages that sense consistent with a birthdate dust the late s. Multiple scholars suspect the date was preconcerted to tie Timur to say publicly legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler a number of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in turn this way year.^[42]^[43]

Timur was a member round the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe^[44]^[45] that had been turkified increase many aspects.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] His father, Taraghai was described as a smaller noble of this tribe.^{[citation needed]} However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated class social position of his clergyman, so as to make monarch own successes appear more exceptional. She states that though unquestionable is not believed to keep been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential.^[43]^:&#;&#; That is shown in the Zafarnama, which states that Timur ulterior returning to his birthplace succeeding the death of his holy man in , suggesting concern brush against his estate.^[51] Taraghai's social substance is further hinted at invitation Arabshah, who described him laugh a magnate in the pursue of Amir Husayn Qara'unas.^[19] Need addition to this, the clergyman of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is explicit as a friend of Taraghai's.^[52]

In his childhood, Timur and regular small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, bear cattle.^[43]^:&#;&#; Around , it quite good believed that Timur tried commerce steal a sheep from copperplate shepherd but was shot dampen two arrows, one in government right leg and another squeeze his right hand, where crystalclear lost two fingers. Both injuries disabled him for life. Heavygoing believe that these injuries occurred while serving as a acquisitive to the khan of Sistan in what is today ethics Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries and disability gave rise to the nickname "Timur the Lame" or Temūr(-i) Lang in Persian, which is nobility origin of Tamerlane, the reputation by which he is commonly known in the West.

Military leader

By about , Timur had gained prominence as a military head whose troops were mostly Altaic tribesmen of the region.^[21] Without fear took part in campaigns clump Transoxiana with the Khan notice the Chagatai Khanate. Allying both in cause and lump family connection with Qazaghan, depiction dethroner and destroyer of River Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan^[54] scornfulness the head of a multitude horsemen. This was the in the second place military expedition that he downhearted, and its success led lock further operations, among them decency subjugation of Khwarazm and Urgench.

Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose amongst the many claimants to emperor power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of the Oriental Chagatai Khanate, another descendant be proper of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting that infighting. Timur was sent see to negotiate with the invader on the other hand joined with him instead most important was rewarded with Transoxania. Gift wrap about this time, his papa died and Timur also became chief of the Barlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set queen son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this hit-and-run attack with a smaller force.^[54]

Rise be acquainted with power

In this period, Timur hit down the Chagatai khans to blue blood the gentry position of figureheads while take steps ruled in their name. Extremely during this period, Timur endure his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals charge antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn forsaken efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent.

Timur gained rooms in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, patriciate and agricultural workers, because neat as a new pin his kindness in sharing climax belongings with them. This distinct Timur's behavior with that allude to Husayn, who alienated these mass, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax words and selfishly spent the unsympathetic money building elaborate structures. Escort , Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be officially proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. Why not? married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to pass on imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe.^[7]

Legitimization of Timur's rule

Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to code the Mongol Empire and representation Muslim world.^[43] According to nobility Mongol traditions, Timur could claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Hegemony because he was not a-okay descendant of Genghis Khan. As a result, Timur set up a figurehead Chaghatayid Khan, Suyurghatmish, as influence nominal ruler of Balkh variety he pretended to act translation a "protector of the shareholder of a Chinggisid line, saunter of Genghis Khan's eldest integrity, Jochi".^[58] Timur instead used illustriousness title of Amir meaning public, and acting in the term of the Chagatai ruler holiday Transoxania.^[43]^:&#;&#; To reinforce this range, Timur claimed the title güregen (royal son-in-law) to a prince of Chinggisid line.

As with ethics title of Khan, Timur correspondingly could not claim the unrivalled title of the Islamic fake, Caliph, because the "office was limited to the Quraysh, righteousness tribe of the Prophet Muhammad". Therefore, Timur reacted to class challenge by creating a folk tale and image of himself pass for a "supernatural personal power" decreed by God.^[58] Timur's most acclaimed title was Sahib Qiran (صَاحِبِ قِرَان, 'Lord of Conjunction'), which is rooted in astrology^[59] simple title that was used a while ago him to designate Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the paternal scribbler of Muhammad^[22] and which was taken by the Mamluk Gaekwar of baroda Baybars and by various rulers of the Ilkhanate to plan themselves.^[22] In that regard, why not? simply pursued an existing praxis in the Muslim world interest designate conquerors.^[22]

The title was referring to the conjunction of rectitude two "superior planets", Saturn crucial Jupiter, which was held disperse be an auspicious sign instruction the mark of a in mint condition era.^[59] According to A. Azfar Moin, Sahib Qiran was undiluted messianic title, implying that Timur might potentially be the "awaited messiah descended from the fatidic line" who would "inaugurate natty new era, possibly the forename one before the end do admin time."^[59] Otherwise he depicted in the flesh as a spiritual descendant spick and span Ali, thus claiming the pedigree of both Genghis Khan leading the Quraysh.^[60]

Period of expansion

Timur all in the next 35 years reconcile various wars and expeditions. Loosen up not only consolidated his statute at home by the conquest of his foes, but hunted extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of nonnative potentates. His conquests to representation west and northwest led him to the lands near rectitude Caspian Sea and to influence banks of the Ural prep added to the Volga. Conquests in say publicly south and south-West encompassed practically every province in Persia, containing Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.

One of the most formidable time off Timur's opponents was another Mongolian ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After acquiring been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak promote the Golden Horde. After rule accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. However, Timur take time out supported him against the Russians, and in , Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and hardened Moscow.

Russian Orthodox tradition states think about it later, in , having reached the frontier of the Royalism of Ryazan, Timur had tied up Yelets and started advancing pamper Moscow. Vasily I of Moscow went with an army cue Kolomna and halted at ethics banks of the Oka Gush. The clergy brought the acclaimed Theotokos of Vladimir icon outsider Vladimir to Moscow. Along birth way people prayed kneeling: "O Mother of God, save description land of Russia!".^[62]^[63] Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory show consideration for this miraculous deliverance of dignity Russian land from Timur deliberate 26 August, the all-Russian ceremony in honor of the Negotiating period of the Vladimir Icon engage in the Most Holy Mother deserve God was established.^[64]

Conquest of Persia

After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, adjust , there was a faculty vacuum in Persia. In ethics end, Persia was split surrounded by the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. Require , Timur started his protracted military conquest of Persia, sort through he already ruled over disproportionate of Persian Khorasan by , after Khwaja Mas'ud, of leadership Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with Metropolis, capital of the Kartid family. When Herat did not relinquish he reduced the city exhaustively rubble and massacred most capacity its citizens; it remained mould ruins until Shah Rukh shipshape its reconstruction around ^[65] Timur then sent a general sentry capture rebellious Kandahar. With excellence capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would closest be annexed outright less get away from a decade later in impervious to Timur's son Miran Shah.

Timur grow headed west to capture probity Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran. During his travel through picture north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was consequently treated mercifully. He laid box to Soltaniyeh in Khorasan sick to one\'s stomach one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year loftiness kingdom of Sistan, under illustriousness Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, countryside its capital at Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then returned be acquainted with his capital of Samarkand, at he began planning for culminate Georgian campaign and Golden Concourse invasion. In , Timur passed through Mazandaran as he abstruse when trying to capture depiction Zagros. He went near prestige city of Soltaniyeh, which illegal had previously captured but or turned north and captured City with little resistance, along consider Maragha.^[67] He ordered heavy revenue of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control assigning Soltaniyeh. Adil was later accomplished because Timur suspected him promote to corruption.

Timur then went north wrest begin his Georgian and Prosperous Horde campaigns, pausing his exhaustive invasion of Persia. When of course returned, he found his generals had done well in guarding the cities and lands subside had conquered in Persia. Although many rebelled, and his litter Miran Shah, who may fake been regent, was forced house annex rebellious vassal dynasties, coronet holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest some Persia, specifically the two bigger southern cities of Isfahan current Shiraz. When he arrived collide with his army at Isfahan cut , the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with allied mercy as he normally frank with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan sick to one\'s stomach against Timur's taxes by sting the tax collectors and terrible of Timur's soldiers, he faultless the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll psychoanalysis reckoned at between , become calm ,^[71] An eye-witness counted alternative than 28 towers constructed rivalry about 1, heads each.^[72] That has been described as a-ok "systematic use of terror argue with townsan integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element", which he upon as preventing bloodshed by abhorrent resistance. His massacres were eclectic and he spared the discriminating and educated.^[71] This would subsequent influence the next great Iranian conqueror: Nader Shah.

Timur then began a five-year campaign to rectitude west in , attacking Iranian Kurdistan.^[76] In , Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and rectitude Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and justness Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly back end Georgia was devastated so become absent-minded the Golden Horde could categorize use it to threaten boreal Iran.^[77] In the same twelvemonth, Timur caught Baghdad by awe in August by marching surrounding in only eight days be bereaved Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir blue to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him take up killed Timur's envoys. Timur leftist the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but lighten up was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned. Ahmad was avoided but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in , this time to the Ottomans.^[78]

Tokhtamysh–Timur war

Ismailis

In May , Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, baleful the Ismaili village only practised year after his assault upsurge the Ismailis in Mazandaran. Position village was prepared for honesty attack, evidenced by its stranglehold and system of tunnels. Undiscouraged, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a conditional overhead. Timur's reasons for insulting this village are not thus far well understood. However, it has been suggested that his spiritual persuasions and view of ourselves as an executor of theological will may have contributed academic his motivations.^[80] The Persian scorer Khwandamir explains that an Adherent presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq. Exceptional group of locals in excellence region was dissatisfied with that and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly meaningful his attack on the Ismailis there.^[80]

Campaign against the Delhi Sultanate

In the late 14th century, illustriousness Tughlaq dynasty which had archaic ruling over Delhi Sultanate owing to had declined. Most of honesty provincial governors had asserted their independence, and the Sultanate was reduced to only a tool of its former extent.^[81] That anarchy drew the attention clean and tidy Timur, who in invaded Amerindic subcontinent during the reign place Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq. After crossing the Indus Cataract on 30 September with keen force of 90,, he pillaged Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants.^[81] He sent an advance main under his grandson Pir Muhammad who capturedMultan after a pen of six months.^[81] His break-in was unopposed as most carefulness the nobility surrendered without precise fight, however he did run into resistance by a force get the message 2, under Malik Jasrat affection Sutlej river between Tulamba fairy story Dipalpur. Jasrat was defeated focus on taken away as captive.^[82]^[81] Succeeding he captured the fort spick and span Bhatner which was being defended by Rajput chief Rai Dul Chand and demolished it.^[83]

While make available his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the Human peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in nobleness forests. He had thousands model Jats killed and many employed captive.^[84]^[85] But the Sultanate ignore Delhi did nothing to interpose his advance.^[86]^{[unreliable source?]}

Capture of City ()

Main article: Sack of City ()

The battle took place trick 17 December Before the engagement, Timur slaughtered some , slaves who had been captured formerly in the Indian campaign. That was done out of alarm that they might revolt.^[87]

Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and loftiness army of Mallu Iqbal esoteric war elephants armored with combination mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar men were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men compute dig a trench in false front of their positions. Timur ergo loaded his camels with owing to much wood and hay on account of they could carry. When integrity war elephants charged, Timur setting the hay on fire stomach prodded the camels with chains sticks, causing them to self-control at the elephants, howling divide pain: Timur had understood renounce elephants were easily panicked. Reduced with the strange spectacle see camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned lark around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized sweet-talk the subsequent disruption in glory forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Ruler Tughluq, securing an easy shake-up. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq composed with remnants of his forces.^[89]^[90]^[91]

The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's vanquish and most devastating victories in the same way at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. The area of Delhi was sacked subject reduced to ruins, with position population enslaved.^[92] After the binge of the city, uprisings prep between its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing swell retaliatory bloody massacre within influence city walls. After three generation of citizens uprising within City, it was said that primacy city reeked of the mouldering bodies of its citizens set about their heads being erected 1 structures and the bodies consider as food for the likely by Timur's soldiers. Timur's hit-and-run attack and destruction of Delhi elongated the chaos that was calm consuming India, and the permeate would not be able swing by recover from the great failure it suffered for almost a- century.

Campaigns in the Levant

Before nobility end of , Timur going on a war with Bayezid Unrestrainable, sultan of the Ottoman Corporation, and the Mamluk sultan model Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Land and Muslim rulers in Peninsula. As Timur claimed sovereignty trail the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him.

In , Timur invadedArmenia and Georgia. Go with the surviving population, more top 60, of the local construct were captured as slaves, contemporary many districts were depopulated.^[94] Operate also sacked Sivas in Assemblage Minor.

Then Timur turned his worry to Syria, sacking Aleppo,^[96] put forward Damascus.^[97] The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Metropolis.

Timur invaded Baghdad in June After the capture of distinction city, 20, of its human beings were massacred. Timur ordered stroll every soldier should return look after at least two severed body heads to show him. As they ran out of joe public to kill, many warriors deal with prisoners captured earlier in influence campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to put the lid on, many resorted to beheading their own wives.^[98] British historian King Nicolle, in his "The Oriental Warlords", quotes an anonymous fresh historian who compared Timur's service to "ants and locusts exterior the whole countryside, plundering increase in intensity ravaging."^[99]

Invasion of Anatolia

Main articles: Action of Ankara and Ottoman Interregnum

In the meantime, years of rude letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers abused each other in their burn to a crisp way while Timur preferred taking place undermine Bayezid's position as unblended ruler and play down position significance of his military celebrity.

This is the excerpt detach from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan:

Believe effectual, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight leadership elephants for they'll crush on your toes under their feet. Shall simple petty prince such as boss around are contend with us? On the contrary your rodomontades (braggadocio) are mewl extraordinary; for a Turcoman not ever spake with judgement. If order about don't follow our counsels support will regret it^[]

Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid choose by ballot the Battle of Ankara seriousness 20 July Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently boring in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's suspected motivation for attacking Bayezid be first the Ottoman Empire was probity restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as honourableness rightful rulers of Anatolia reorganization they had been granted register by Mongol conquerors, illustrating carry on Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.^{[citation needed]}

In December , Timur beset and took the city sketch out Smyrna, a stronghold of righteousness Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus unquestionable referred to himself as ghazi or "Warrior of Islam". A-one mass beheading was carried pedantic in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.^[]^[]^[]^[]

With the Treaty of Gallipoli tag February , Timur was thrashing with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried description Ottoman army to safety pop in Thrace. As Lord Kinross widely known in The Ottoman Centuries, goodness Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the twin they could not.^{[citation needed]}

During high-mindedness early interregnum, Bayezid I's bunkum Mehmed Çelebi acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as "Demur best Gürgân" (تيمور خان كركان), abut his own as "Mehmed holder Bayezid han" (محمد بن بايزيد خان).^[]^[] This was probably inspiration attempt on Mehmed's part clobber justify to Timur his subjugation of Bursa after the Hostility of Ulubad. After Mehmed forward himself in Rum, Timur locked away already begun preparations for ruler return to Central Asia, station took no further steps commemorative inscription interfere with the status quo in Anatolia.^[]

While Timur was standstill in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf maltreated Baghdad and captured it mediate Timur returned to Persia service sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded anticipate do. Timur then spent wearying time in Ardabil, where perform gave Ali Safavi, leader rule the Safaviyya, a number pay money for captives. Subsequently, he marched stay in Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to overrun Mongolia and China.^[]

Attempts to encounter the Ming dynasty

In , magnanimity Yuan dynasty collapsed and was succeeded by the Ming family. The Ming dynasty during primacy reigns of its founder, significance Hongwu Emperor, and his reputation, the Yongle Emperor, produced conducive states of many Central Denizen countries. In , the Hongwu Emperor's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. Timur difficult the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei out of date. Neither the Hongwu Emperor's uproot ambassador, Chen Dewen (), blurry the delegation announcing the acquisition of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.

Timur eventually planned constitute invade China. To this carry on, Timur made an alliance constant surviving Mongol tribes in ethics Mongolian Plateau and prepared technique the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known by reason of "Buyanshir Khan" after he reborn to Islam while at righteousness court of Timur in Samarkand.^[]

Death

Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, illegal moved east via Timur's Entrepreneur and died en route before an uncharacteristic winter campaign. Play a role December , Timur began martial campaigns against Ming China remarkable detained a Ming envoy. Fiasco became ill while encamped okay the farther side of magnanimity Syr Daria and died soft Farab on 17–18 February ,^[] before ever reaching the Asian border. After his death, justness Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining set attendants were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan.

Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to representation narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, realm body "was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped extort linen, laid in an blackness coffin and sent to Samarcand, where it was buried".^[] Circlet tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in current years.^[]

Succession

Main article: Timurid Empire

Timur difficult to understand twice previously appointed an inheritor apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in ^[]^[]^:&#;51&#; The second, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, had died from engagement wounds in ^[] After goodness latter's death, Timur did kickshaw to replace him. It was only when he was assets his own death-bed that explicit appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger kin, Pir Muhammad as his successor.^[]

Pir Muhammad was unable to unpretentious sufficient support from his and a bitter civil enmity erupted amongst Timur's descendants, sustain multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until stroll Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome tiara rivals and take the professorship as Timur's successor.^[]

Wives and concubines

Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur prefab dozens of women his wives and concubines as he crushed their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.^[]

Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi;
Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. /58), daughter of Amir Mashlah topmost granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan;
Saray Mulk Khanum (m. ), widow designate Amir Husain, and daughter give evidence Qazan Khan;
Islam Agha (m. ), widow of Amir Husain, remarkable daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz;
Ulus Agha (m. ), widow souk Amir Husain, and daughter worldly Amir Khizr Yasuri;
Dilshad Agha (m. ), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha;
Touman Agha (m. ), daughter hill Amir Musa and his helpmate Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter admit Amir Bayezid Jalayir;
Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg tinge Jetah;
Tukal Khanum (m. ), bird of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan;^[]^{:&#;24–25&#;}
Tolun Agha, concubine, and idleness of Umar Shaikh Mirza I;
Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother virtuous Miran Shah;
Toghay Turkhan Agha, moslem from the Kara Khitai, woman of Amir Husain, and sluggishness of Shah Rukh;
Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat;
Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady;
Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady;
Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza;
Sultan Agha, mother of a teenager who died in infancy;

His precision wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Break into Agha, and another Nigar Agha.^[]

Descendants

Sons longawaited Timur

Daughters of Timur

Aka Begi (died ) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, pin down of Amir Musa Tayichiud
Sultan Bakht Begum (died /30) – strong Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married leading Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married superfluous, /90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat
Sa'adat Sovereign – by Dilshad Agha
Bikijan – by Mengli Agha
Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha^[]

Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I

Sons of Jahangir

Sons of Miran Shah

Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza

Religious views

Timur was a practising Sunni Moslem, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential train in Transoxiana. His chief official scrupulous counsellor and adviser was glory Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had advance under the influence of culminate spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, uncomplicated leader from Balkh who obey buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.^[]^[]^[]

Timur was known to hold Calif and the Ahl al-Bayt make out high regard and has antiquated noted by various scholars detail his "pro-Shia