Dawood khan biography of mahatma

Afghan prime minister (–) and president (–)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18&#;July &#;&#; 28&#;April ) was an Afghan martial officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from to and, as superior of the Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as the first president get on to Afghanistan from until he human being was deposed in a action and killed in the Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan talk family and addressed by interpretation prefix "Sardar", Khan started although a provincial governor and afterwards a military officer before essence appointed as prime minister harsh his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, serving for a decennium. Having failed to persuade probity King to implement a one-party system, Khan overthrew the department in a virtually bloodless deal with the backing of Cover Army officers, and proclaimed themselves the first president of excellence Republic of Afghanistan, establishing almighty autocratic one-party system under National Revolutionary Party.

Khan was known for his autocratic rule,^[5] and for his educational limit progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under dominion regime, he headed a purify of communists in the state, and many of his policies also displeased religious conservatives bid liberals who were in token of restoring the multiparty tone that existed under the nation. Social and economic reforms enforced under his ruling were thriving, but his foreign policy neat to tense relations with adjoining countries. In , he was deposed and assassinated during distinction Afghan coup d'état, led invitation the Afghan military and greatness communist People's Democratic Party resembling Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later most important was identified by a petty golden Quran gifted by Shattering Khalid of Saudi Arabia flair always carried. He received first-class state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravanserai was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the first son of the diplomat Potentate Mohammad Aziz Khan (–; solve older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his bride, Khurshid Begum. His father was assassinated in in Berlin, span serving as the Afghan Delegate to Germany. He and crown brother Prince Naim Khan (–) then came under the upbringing of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (–). Daoud proved roughly be an apt student be unable to find politics.

Educated in France, take steps served as a senior head in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, serving as Governor of magnanimity Eastern Province in –35 current in –39, and was Lecturer of Kandahar Province from space

In , Khan was promoted to Commander of the Median Forces.^[12] As commander, he uncomfortable Afghan forces against the Safi during the Afghan tribal revolts of –^[12] From to , he served as Defense Clergyman, then Interior Minister from tend ^[13] In , he served as Afghan Ambassador to Writer.

In , he was promoted to General and served derive that capacity as Commander distinctive the Central Corps of class Afghan Armed Forces^[14] in Kabul from to ^[15]

Royal Prime Minister

Further information: Prime Minister of Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime minister hit down September through an intra-family dilemma of power, replacing Shah Mahmud Khan. His ten-year tenure was noted for his foreign plan turn to the Soviet Undividedness, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically punter living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative stepladder towards the emancipation of division, giving women a higher get out presence,^[16][17] which led to silly amounts of freedom and edifying opportunities for them.^[18]

With the start of an independent Pakistan instruct in August , Prime Minister Daoud Khan had rejected the Durand Line, which had been be a failure as international border by consecutive Afghan governments for over neat as a pin half a century.^[19] Khan endorsed a nationalistic reunification of nobleness Pakistani Pashtun people with Afghanistan, but this would have complex taking a considerable amount always territory from the new version of Pakistan and was hem in direct opposition to an senior plan of the s whereby a confederation between the one countries was proposed. The turn on further worried the non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan such as honourableness minority Hazara, Tajik, and Uzbak, who suspected his intention was to increase the Pashtuns' needless hold on political power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder of Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Caravansary only exploited the idea show reunification of Pashtun people tell between meet his own political doubtful remainders. The idea of reunification be expeditious for Pashtun people never helped Pashtuns and it only caused be killing for Pakistan. In fact provision was never a reality".^[20] Likewise, Daoud Khan's project for character reunification of the Pashtun go out failed to gain support make the first move the majority of Pashtuns detour Pakistan.^[5]

In , Khan sent garrison across the poorly-marked Durand Score into the Bajaur Agency dressing-down Pakistan in an attempt cause problems manipulate events in that field and to press the Pashtunistan issue, but the Afghan personnel were defeated by the Pashtun Tribal militias. During this hour, the propaganda war from Afghanistan, carried on by radio, was relentless.^[21] In , Daoud Caravansary made another attempt to obtrude Bajaur with larger Afghan blue this time. However, Pakistan engaged F Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties against the Coat army unit and the tribesmen from Kunar province who were supporting the Afghan army. Various Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in masquerade of international media, which confine turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In , as a clarification of his policies and bounds to militias in areas forwards the Durand Line, Pakistan done its borders with Afghanistan attend to the latter severed ties, exploit an economic crisis and preferable dependence on the USSR. Picture USSR became Afghanistan's principal marketable partner. Within a few months, the USSR sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light gun, for a heavily discounted cost tag of $25 million, endure Afghanistan. That same year earth attended the 1st Summit deserve the Non-Aligned Movement in Beograd making Afghanistan one of picture founding members of the Avoid Movement.

As a result finance continued resentment against Daoud's arbitrary rule, close ties with greatness USSR and economic downturn by reason of of the blockade imposed uncongenial Pakistan, Daoud Khan was without prompting to resign. Instead of compliance, Daoud Khan requested King Zahir Shah to approve new 'one-party constitution' proposed by him which would in turn increase Daoud Khan's already considerable power. Incursion rejection, Daoud Khan angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was finally resolved sound out his forced resignation in Advance and the re-opening of character border in May. Pakistan extended to remain suspicious of Asiatic intentions and Daoud's policy weigh up a negative impression in prestige eyes of many Tajiks who felt they were being voteless for the sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] He was succeeded fail to notice Mohammad Yusuf.

In , Monarch Zahir Shah introduced a advanced constitution, for the first interval excluding all members of loftiness royal family from the Meeting of Ministers. Khan had by then stepped down. In addition join forces with having been prime minister, take action had also held the portfolios of Minister of Defense topmost Minister of Planning until ^{[citation needed]}

Presidency and death

Further information: Captain of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied clatter King Zahir Shah's constitutional ordered system and lack of advancement. He planned rebellion for optional extra than a year^[23] before subside seized power from the End on 17 July The enterprise was bloodless, and backed tough a large number of drove officers who were loyal render him, facing no resistance.^[24] Passing away from tradition, and for high-mindedness first time in Afghan features, he did not proclaim Shah, establishing instead a federation with himself as president. Authority role of pro-communist Parchamite organization in the coup led control him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's constitution establishing a parliament check on elected members and the split of powers was replaced surpass a now largely nominated loya jirga (meaning "grand assembly"). Decency parliament was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was close to the Soviet Joining during his prime ministership, Caravanserai continued the Afghan policy replicate non-alignment with the Cold Combat superpowers. Nor did he signify drastic pro-Soviet change to greatness economic system.^[27]

In Khan's new office holy orders, many ministers were fresh wellknown politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial transfer from Khan's Prime Minister best (–); Majid was Minister short vacation Education from to , instruct from was appointed Minister discovery Justice until Initially about division of the new cabinet were either current members, former liveware or sympathizers of the PDPA, but over time their outward appearance would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A coup against Khan, which could have been planned before fiasco took power, was repressed in a moment after his seizure of conquer. In October , Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former prime vicar and a highly respected grass diplomat, was arrested in systematic coup plot and died etch prison before his trial madden for December This was refer to a time when Parchamites disciplined the Ministry of Interior do up circumstances corroborating the widespread sense that he had been tormented to death by the leftists. According to one account, Daoud Khan planned to appoint Maiwandwal as prime minister, leading be the Parchamite Minister of Emotions, Faiz Mohammad, along with boy communists, framing Maiwandwal in neat coup plot, then torturing him to death without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Louis Dupree wrote become absent-minded Maiwandwal, one of few Cover politicians with an international standing, could have been a king in a democratic process meticulous therefore a target for communists.^[29] One of the army generals arrested under suspicion of that plot with Maiwandwal was Muhammad Asif Safi, who was afterward released. Khan personally apologized assessment him for the arrest.

In , he signed one farm animals two economic packages that highly thought of to greatly increase the ability of the Afghan military. Assume this time, there were intensifying concerns that Afghanistan lacked straighten up modern army comparable to integrity militaries of Iran and Pakistan.

In , his government nationalized all banks in Afghanistan, as well as Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's vital bank.^[30]

Khan wanted to lessen honesty country's dependence on the Country Union and attempted to push a new foreign policy. Unimportant he visited some countries fake the Middle East, including Empire, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Persia, all of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] He also visited India.^[28] In the matter of the Non-Aligned Movement summit conduct yourself Havana, Khan said that Island "only pretends to be non-aligned."^[31] Surprisingly, he did not reconstruct the Pashtunistan agitation; relations able Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and excellence Shah of Iran. These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution objection

In , he established realm own political party, the Formal Revolutionary Party, which became high-mindedness focus of all political liveliness. In January , a loya jirga approved a new formation. It wrote in several original articles and amended others - one of these was significance creation of a presidential one-party system of government.

He too began to moderate his communist policies, although the constitution challenging a nationalist bend in totalling to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] In , there was adroit rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance yourself from the communist elements secret the coup. He was think about about the tenor of distinct communists in his government captivated Afghanistan's growing dependency on prestige Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would presently become closer to the Westside, especially the United States; justness Soviets had always feared lose concentration the United States could exhume a way to influence grandeur government in Kabul.

During wreath latter years in charge, her highness purge of communists in sovereign government strained his relations find out them, while his desire cart one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who abstruse been in charge during blue blood the gentry monarchy. At the same disgust, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them prep added to their followers as well.^[33]

Relations familiarize yourself Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As midst his time as prime revivalist, Daoud Khan again pressed extra the question of Pashtunistan, give back leading to sometimes tense associations with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Regular Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's control and forces also commenced education of anti-Pakistani groups to manners militant action and sabotage unexciting Pakistan. The campaign was smallminded enough that even one a few Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister revenue interior and head of rectitude provincial branch of Bhutto's entity of/in the then-North-West Frontier Fast (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in ), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, superficially on the orders of nobility later-acquitted Awami Party. As organized result, Afghanistan's already strained conceit with Pakistan further dipped stomach Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By , Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage remove promoting a proxy war reap Afghanistan.

Since coming to carry on, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a difficult line on the Pashtunistan to be won or lost and promoted a proxy enmity in Pakistan. Trade and movement agreements with Pakistan were in the end severely affected.

The year was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan advertise. Pakistan blamed Afghanistan for frenzy in Bajaur agency and description bombing of a PIA Hazardous at Islamabad airport in ^[34] The passengers of PIA Unskilled had deplaned before the fusillade took place and thus ham-fisted one was harmed in illustriousness explosion inside the aircraft.^[35][36]

At class same time, Afghanistan also palpable several short lived uprisings crumble retaliation in eastern Afghanistan famous in Panjshir valley, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan. There was also deployment of additional detachment by both the countries legislative body the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same gathering Kabul was also quietly negotiating with Islamabad to defuse nobility tensions between the two countries.^[37] In early , relations halfway the two countries improved current the leaders of the glimmer countries, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto view Douad Khan, exchanged visits. Daoud Khan was also worried step the growing power of communists within his government so significant started improving his relations come together Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The aforesaid year Pakistan also provided defend to Afghanistan to help meliorate the suffering caused by trembler and floods in northern Afghanistan. This gesture by Pakistan abstruse helped mollify Afghan public falling-out about Pakistan.^[37]

By October , class head of Pakistan intelligence commitee, Jilani was informing a Illfamed diplomat that Afghanistan was negation longer creating troubles for Pakistan.^[34] By August relations with Pakistan had improved to a giant degree.^[37] Later on, while trespass his new foreign policy precept, Daoud Khan came to copperplate tentative agreement on a catch to the Pashtunistan problem connect with Ali Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with class Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan met Leonid Brezhnev knife attack a state visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 Apr He had asked for well-ordered private meeting with the Country leader to discuss with him the increased pattern of State actions in Afghanistan. In unswervingly, he discussed the intensified State attempt to unite the three factions of the Afghan red parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Solon described Afghanistan's non-alignment as senior to the USSR and valid to the promotion of hush in Asia, and warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed subtract the northern parts of Afghanistan. Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will not ever allow you to dictate suck up to us how to run acid country and whom to boat in Afghanistan. How and site we employ the foreign experts will remain the exclusive licence of the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if key, but free in its knowhow and decisions"^[40][41]

After returning stop Afghanistan, he made plans prowl his government would downscale neat relationship with the Soviet Combining, and instead forge closer groom with the West as sufficiently as the oil-rich Saudi Peninsula and Iran. Afghanistan signed elegant co-operative military treaty with Empire and by , the Asian military and police force were being trained by Egyptian Backdrop Forces. This angered the Land Union because Egypt took interpretation same route in in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the murder returns Mir Akbar Khyber, the arresting Parchamite ideologue, his funeral allusion 19 April served as spruce up rallying point for the Coat communists. An estimated 1, wrest 3, people gathered to have a stab speeches by PDPA leaders much as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked incite this demonstration of communist undividedness, Khan ordered the arrest take up the PDPA leaders, but subside acted too slowly. It took him a week to take Taraki, Karmal managed to run off to the USSR, and Amin was merely placed under dwelling arrest. Khan had misjudged high-mindedness situation and believed that Karmal's Parcham faction was the painting communist threat. In fact, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated birth military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a factor think likely 2 to 3. Amin tie complete orders for the set up from his home while parade was under armed guard, somewhere to stay his family members as messengers.

The army had been deposit on alert on 26 Apr because of a presumed produce revenue. On 27 April , graceful coup d'état, beginning with group movements at the military aid at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly over the adhere to twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Caravanserai in and around the seat of government.

Khan and most of enthrone family were assassinated during blue blood the gentry coup by members of distinction People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed squeeze the Arg, the former basic royal palace, during the ahead of time hours of 28 April ,^[44] involving heavy fighting and myriad deaths.^[45] Shortly afterwards, the another military leaders announced that Caravanserai had been killed for denying to pledge allegiance to honourableness new regime by Lieutenant Imamuddin of the th Commando Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Afghan songster Fazal Ghani wrote the concert “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked integrity former president for his nakedness and for being “finished become clear to one strike”, which was immediately on Radio Television Afghanistan.^[47]

Body obtain state funeral

On 28 June , his body and those pay his family were found cover two separate mass graves unattainable the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi lockup, District 12 of Kabul borough. Initial reports indicate that cardinal corpses were in one concentrated and twelve in the other.^[10] On 4 December , nobleness Afghan Health Ministry announced range Daoud's body had been firm on the basis of disbelief molds and a small flourishing Quran, a present he abstruse received from the King lay out Saudi Arabia, found near righteousness body.^[48]

On 17 March , Public Daoud was given a induct funeral.^[10] His only surviving little one, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.^[11]

Daoud extract following family members that were killed (resembling the Murder only remaining the Romanov family by distinction Bolsheviks) on the same allocate on 28 April are covert at an incomplete hilltop vault 2 located &#;km west of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b. , room 68)
  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. , age 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. , age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. , age 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. , age 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b. , be in command of 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. , age 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. , flood 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. , age 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. , age 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. , age 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. , age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b. , age 5)
  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. , age 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. , age 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. , curdle 25)

Public image

News sources in distinction s claimed that General Daoud Khan said he was happiest when he could "light tiara American cigarettes with Soviet matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively dubious as an "old-fashioned statesman, tender yet reserved and authoritarian" inured to The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's daring and patriotism in comments fend for his state funeral, saying unquestionable was "always thinking of dignity advancement and prosperity of rank country."^[52] Some Afghans fondly under consideration him to be the stroke leader their country has difficult in modern times.^[53]

During his purpose as prime minister and numero uno, Khan was highly unpopular amidst the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because of his alleged Pashtun favouritism.^[54] During his regime, shrink significant positions in the command, army and educational institutions were held by Pashtuns. His have a crack at the Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached such an extent dump the word 'Afghan' started establish used to refer only happening Pashtuns and not to dignity other minority groups who in concert formed a majority in Afghanistan.^[55]

The Afghan Armed Forces were pooled with Daoud Khan and based his goal of promoting Pashtuns to higher posts in authority Afghan Armed Forces. In , Afghan Uzbeks were barred chomp through becoming high-ranking officers in illustriousness Afghan armed forces. Similarly lone a few Tajiks were permissible to hold the position strain officer in the Afghan swarm, while other ethnicities were unwanted from those positions.

Daoud Caravanserai viewed the Afghan armed repair as a crucial vector gauzy the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.^[56] The Panjshir uprising in equitable also believed to be do its stuff of anti-Pashtun frustration which esoteric been building up in Panjshir valley as result of Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In September , Daoud Khan married his cousingerman, PrincessZamina Begum (11 January – 28 April ), sister cataclysm King Zahir (15 October – 23 July ). The blend had four sons and span daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Caravansary ( – k. )
• 2. Khalid Daoud Khan ( – under age. ). Had a son:
• 3. Wais Daoud Khan ( – k. ). Had four children:
  • Turan Daoud Khan (–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan ( – k. )
  • Waygal Daoud Khan ( – childish. )
  • Zahra Khanum (–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan ( – youth. ). Had two daughters:
  • Hila Khanum ( – k. )
  • Ghazala Khanum ( – k. )
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum ( – k. ). Had unite daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (–)
• 7. Torpekay Begum. Had three children:
  • Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
  • Daud Khan Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links