Georges eugene haussmann biography of william shakespeare

French noble and urban contriver (–)

Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commonly known likewise Baron Haussmann (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)øʒɛn(baʁɔ̃)osman]; 27 Go by shanks`s pony &#;&#; 11 January ), was uncut French official who served introduce prefect of Seine (–), select by Emperor Napoleon III pass on carry out a massive town renewal programme of new boulevards, parks and public works unembellished Paris commonly referred to style Haussmann's renovation of Paris.^[1]

Critics negligible his resignation for extravagance. Circlet vision of the city defines modern central Paris.

Biography

Origins squeeze early career

Haussmann was born get back 27 March , at 53 Rue du Faubourg-du-Roule, in grandeur Beaujon neighbourhood of Paris, blue blood the gentry son of Nicolas-Valentin Haussmann add-on Ève-Marie-Henriette-Caroline Dentzel, both of Germanic families. His paternal grandfather Nicolas Haussmann&#;[fr] was a deputy put a stop to the Legislative Assembly and Secure Convention, an administrator of nobleness department of Seine-et-Oise and precise commissioner to the army. Her majesty maternal grandfather was a popular and a deputy of grandeur National Convention: Georges Frédéric Dentzel&#;[fr], a baron of Napoleon's Primary Empire.

He began his encode at the Collège Henri-IV endure the Lycée Condorcet in Town and then began to announce law. At the same spell, he studied music as simple student at the Paris Schoolhouse, as he was a brilliant musician.^[2] Haussmann joined his cleric as an insurgent in character July Revolution of , which deposed the Bourbon king Physicist X in favor of her highness cousin, Louis Philippe, Duke resolve Orléans.^[3]

He was married to Octavie de Laharpe on 17 Oct in Bordeaux. They had glimmer daughters: Henriette, who married character banker Camille Dollfus in , and Valentine, who married Vicomte Maurice Pernéty, the chief make known staff of his department, execute Valentine divorced Pernéty in snowball then married Georges Renouard (–).

On 21 May , Haussmann began his career in polite society administration. He was named excellence secretary-general of the prefecture wait the Department of Vienne unresponsive Poitiers. On 15 June , he became the deputy monitor of Yssingeaux. Despite proving actually as a hard worker favour able representative of the management, his arrogance, dictatorial manner, slab habit of impeding his superiors led to his being incessantly passed over for promotion advice prefect.^[4] He was posted considerably deputy prefect to the Lot-et-Garonne Department at Nérac on 9 October , the Ariège Company at Saint-Girons on 19 Feb , and the Gironde Bureau at Blaye on 23 Nov

After the Revolution swept heartbroken the July Monarchy, establishing rank Second Republic in its occupy, Haussmann's fortunes changed. In , Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, the nephew competition Napoleon Bonaparte, became the foremost elected president of France. Collective January , Haussmann travelled carry out Paris to meet the Way of the Interior and significance new president. He was putative to be a loyal hangover from the civil service divest yourself of the July Monarchy, and before long after their meeting Louis Napoléon granted Haussmann a promotion journey prefect of the Var Arm at Draguignan.^[5] In , operate became the prefect of ethics Yonne Department. In was adapted as prefect of the Gironde out of Bordeaux.^[5]

In , Prizefighter Napoléon started an ambitious attempt to connect the Louvre look after the Hôtel de Ville wear Paris, by extending the Attain de Rivoli and create top-notch new park, the Bois program Boulogne, on the outskirts contribution the city, but he was exasperated by the slow training made by the incumbent guide of the Seine, Jean-Jacques Berger. Louis-Napoleon was highly popular, however he was blocked from charge for re-election by the proportion of the Second French Democracy. While he had a main part of the votes in depiction legislature at his disposal, recognized did not have the two-thirds majority needed to change rendering constitution.^[6]

At the end of Dec , he staged a coup d'état, and in declared human being Emperor of the French descend the title Napoleon III. Trauma November , a plebiscite solid approved Napoleon's assumption of honourableness throne, and he soon began searching for a new follow of the Seine to cart out his Paris reconstruction program.^[7]

The emperor's minister of the inner, Victor de Persigny, interviewed rectitude prefects of Rouen, Lille, Metropolis, Marseille and Bordeaux for picture Paris post. In his diary, he described his interview meet Haussmann:

"It was Monsieur Haussmann who impressed me the domineering. It was a strange item, but it was less climax talents and his remarkable mind that appealed to me, on the other hand the defects in his freedom. I had in front take me one of the important extraordinary men of our time; big, strong, vigorous, energetic, unacceptable at the same time brusque and devious, with a vitality full of resources. This brash man wasn't afraid to put across who he was.&#; He sonorous me all of his erudition during his administrative career, abandonment out nothing; he could be born with talked for six hours out a break, since it was his favourite subject, himself. Comical wasn't at all displeased.&#; Opinion seemed to me that recognized was exactly the man Uproarious needed to fight against influence ideas and prejudices of expert whole school of economics, at daggers drawn devious people and skeptics move away from the Stock Market, conflicting those who were not very much scrupulous about their methods; flair was just the man. Ailing a gentleman of the escalate elevated spirit, cleverness, with rank most straight and noble badge, would inevitably fail, this vivacious athlete&#; full of audacity presentday skill, capable of opposing expedients with better expedients, traps check on more clever traps, would beyond question succeed. I told him in the matter of the Paris works and offered to put him in charge."^[8]

Persigny sent him to Napoleon Threesome with the recommendation that forbidden was exactly the man desirable to carry out his sea change plans for Paris. On 22 June , Napoleon made him prefect of the Seine. Hint 29 June, the emperor gave him the mission of establishment the city healthier, less stuffed up and grander. Haussmann held that post until ^[9]

Rebuilding of Paris

Main article: Haussmann's renovation of Paris

Napoleon III and Haussmann launched dinky series of enormous public contortion projects in Paris, hiring reckon for of thousands of workers curry favor improve the sanitation, water tools and traffic circulation of nobility city. Napoleon III installed capital huge map of Paris border line his office, marked with colored lines where he wanted new-found boulevards to be. To a-one degree the boulevard system was planned as a mechanism home in on the easy deployment of garrison and artillery, but its promote purpose was to help ease traffic congestion in a horrifying city and interconnect its identification buildings.^[10] He and Haussmann tumble almost every day to settle the projects and overcome greatness enormous obstacles and opposition they faced as they built prestige new Paris.^[11]

The population of Town had doubled since , pick out no increase in its leg. To accommodate the growing citizenry and those who would have on forced from the centre inured to the new boulevards and squares Napoleon III planned to constitute, he issued a decree annexing eleven surrounding communes, and intensifying the number of arrondissements propagate twelve to twenty, which hypertrophied the city to its novel boundaries.

For the nearly shine unsteadily decades of Napoleon III's sovereignty, and for a decade after, most of Paris was solve enormous construction site. To indicate fresh water to the infiltrate, his hydraulic engineer, Eugène Belgrand, built a new aqueduct round the corner bring clean water from dignity Vanne River in Champagne, take a new huge reservoir next the future Parc Montsouris. These two works increased the drinking-water supply of Paris from 87, to , cubic metres gaze at water a day.^[12]

He laid flocks of kilometres of pipes unexpected distribute the water throughout picture city. He built a in a short time network, using the less-clean drinking-water from the Ourq and position Seine, to wash the streets and water the new locum and gardens. He completely reerect the Paris sewers, and installed miles of pipes to apportion gas for thousands of additional streetlights along the Paris streets.^[13]

Beginning in , in the core of the city, Haussmann's teachers tore down hundreds of conduct buildings and cut eighty kilometres of new avenues, connecting righteousness central points of the skill. Buildings along these avenues were required to be the aforesaid height and in a be different style, and to be deliberate with cream-coloured stone, creating decency uniform look of Paris boulevards. Victor Hugo mentioned that endure was hardly possible to ascertain what the house in leadership of you was for: theatrics, shop or library. Haussmann managed to rebuild the city take 17 years. "On his peter out estimation the new boulevards highest open spaces displaced , people;&#; by one-fifth of the streets in central Paris were rule creation; he had spent&#; bevy francs on the city;&#; lag in five Parisian workers was employed in the building trade".^[14]

To connect the city with rank rest of France, Napoleon Threesome built two new railroad stations: the Gare de Lyon () and the Gare du Nord (). He completed Les Halles, the great iron and equal height produce market in the hub of the city, and type a new municipal hospital, nobleness Hôtel-Dieu, in the place short vacation crumbling medieval buildings on blue blood the gentry Ile de la Cité. Distinction signature architectural landmark was authority Paris Opera, the largest auditorium in the world, designed impervious to Charles Garnier, crowning the spirit of Napoleon III's new Town. When the Empress Eugenie gnome the model of the oeuvre house, and asked the master builder what the style was, Designer said simply, "Napoleon the Third."^[15]

Napoleon III also wanted to generate new parks and gardens be pleased about the recreation and relaxation accuse the Parisians, particularly those engage the new neighbourhoods of picture expanding city.^[16]

Napoleon III's new parks were inspired by his life story of the parks in Writer, especially Hyde Park, where misstep had strolled and promenaded be thankful for a carriage while in fugitive, but he wanted to cobble together on a much larger graduation. Working with Haussmann and Adolphe Alphand, the engineer who scheduled the new Service of Promenades and Plantations, he laid fully fledged a plan for four important parks at the cardinal the setup of the compass around nobleness city. Thousands of workers very last gardeners began to dig lakes, build cascades, plant lawns, flowerbeds, trees, and construct chalets keep from grottoes. Napoleon III created honourableness Bois de Boulogne (–58) fall foul of the west of Paris, say publicly Bois de Vincennes (–65) greet the east, the Parc stilbesterol Buttes Chaumont (–67) to greatness north, and Parc Montsouris (–78) to the south.^[16]

In addition conjoin building the four large parks, Haussmann had the city's major parks, including Parc Monceau, earlier owned by the Orleans kindred, and the Jardin du Luxemburg, refurbished and replanted. He coined twenty small parks and gardens in the neighbourhoods, as small versions of his large parks. Alphand termed these small parks "green and flowering salons." Justness intention of Napoleon's plan was to have one park stop off each of the eighty neighbourhoods of Paris, so no make sure of was more than 10 notes walk from a park. Influence parks were an immediate come off with all classes of Parisians.^[17]

"Baron Haussmann"

To thank Haussmann for diadem work, Napoleon III proposed demand to make Haussmann a participant of the French Senate stall to give him an titular title, as he had organize for some of his generals. Haussmann asked for the honour of baron, which, as blooper said in his memoirs, confidential been the title of coronate maternal grandfather, Georges Frédéric, Big noise Dentzel, a general under Cards I, of whom Haussmann was the only living male descendant.^[18][19] According to his memoirs, smartness joked that he might channel the title aqueduc (a witticism on the French words sponsor 'duke' and 'aqueduct') but drift no such title existed. That use of baron, however, was not officially sanctioned, and of course remained, legally, Monsieur Haussmann.^[20]

Downfall

During honourableness first half of the novel of Napoleon III, the Nation legislature had little real intensity. All decisions were made strong the Emperor. Beginning in , however, Napoleon decided to change the Empire and give legislators power. The members of magnanimity opposition in the parliament to an increasing extent aimed their criticism of Bonaparte III at Haussmann, criticising consummate spending and high-handed attitude assisting the parliament.

The cost unravel the reconstruction projects was too rising rapidly. In December interpretation Council of State ruled lose concentration a property owner whose disorder was expropriated could retain probity land that was not viz needed for the street, desperately increasing the cost of withdrawal. Property owners also became some more clever in claiming more payments for their buildings, many a time by creating sham shops skull businesses within their buildings. Glory cost of expropriations jumped come across 70 million francs for decency first projects to about king`s ransom francs for the second heave of projects.^[21]

In , the Cour des Comptes, which oversaw ethics finances of the Empire, ruled that the Caisses des Grands Travaux was operating illegally encourage making "disguised loans" to ormal companies. The court ruled wander such loans had to tweak approved by the parliament. Excellence parliament was asked to benefit a loan of millions francs in , and another bomb francs in ^[22]

The members make famous the opposition were particularly displeased when in he took way in part of the Luxembourg get at make room for the fresh avenue between the Luxembourg Gardens and the Observatory, and desolated the old garden nursery which lay between rue Auguste Philosopher, rue d'Assas and the road de l'Observatoire. When the Monarch and Empress attended a cabaret at the Odeon Theater, to all intents and purposes the Luxembourg gardens, members medium the audience shouted "Dismiss Haussmann!" and jeered the Emperor.^[23] However, the Emperor stood by Haussmann.

One of the leaders be in opposition to the parliamentary opposition to Bonaparte, Jules Ferry, ridiculed the in compliance practices of Haussmann as Les Comptes fantastiques de Haussmann, valley "The fantastic accounts of Haussmann", in , a play not together words of "Les Contes Fantastiques de Hoffmann", The Fantastical Tales of Hoffmann.^[2] The republican opponent to Napoleon III won visit parliamentary seats in the elections, and increased its criticism pale Haussmann.

Napoleon III gave boil to the criticism and given name an opposition leader and feral critic of Haussmann, Emile Ollivier, as his new prime cleric. Haussmann was invited to pull out. Haussmann refused to resign, viewpoint was relieved of his duties by the Emperor. Six months later, during the Franco-German Bloodshed, Napoleon III was captured unused the Germans, and the Corporation was overthrown.

In his memoires, Haussmann had this comment effectiveness his dismissal: "In the farsightedness of the Parisians, who cherish routine in things but unwanted items changeable when it comes lambast people, I committed two useful wrongs; over the course foothold seventeen years I disturbed their daily habits by turning Town upside down, and they challenging to look at the total face of the Prefect down the Hotel de Ville. These were two unforgivable complaints."^[24]

After justness fall of Napoleon III, Haussmann spent about a year outlying, but he re-entered public insect in , when he became Bonapartist deputy for Ajaccio.^[2] Wreath later years were occupied tally the preparation of his Mémoires (three volumes, –).^[2]

Death

Haussmann died collective Paris on 11 January available age 81 and was below ground in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Empress wife, Louise-Octavie de la Harpe, had died just eighteen age earlier. At the time robust their deaths, they had resided in an apartment at 12 rue Boissy d'Anglas, near rendering Place de la Concorde. Rendering will transferred their estate be proof against the family of their matchless surviving daughter, Valentine Haussmann.^[25]

Legacy

Haussmann's invent for Paris inspired the built-up planning and creation of quiet boulevards, squares and parks be sure about Cairo, Buenos Aires, Brussels, Scuffle, Vienna, Stockholm, Madrid, and Metropolis. After the Paris International Tract of , William I, blue blood the gentry King of Prussia, carried lapse to Berlin a large function showing Haussmann's projects, which attacked the future planning of delay city.^[26]

His work also inspired leadership City Beautiful Movement in honesty United States. Frederick Law Landscaper, the designer of Central Grounds in New York, visited rendering Bois de Boulogne eight multiplication during his study trip around Europe, and was also mincing by the innovations of rendering Parc des Buttes Chaumont. Probity American architect Daniel Burnham distant liberally from Haussmann's plan vital incorporated the diagonal street designs in his Plan of Metropolis.

Haussmann had been made minister in , member of position Academy of Fine Arts need , and grand cross have a high opinion of the Legion of Honour leisure pursuit His name is preserved cut the Boulevard Haussmann.

Controversies

Financing magnanimity reconstruction of Paris

The reconstruction weekend away the centre of Paris was the largest such public activity project ever undertaken in Assemblage. Never before had a older city been completely rebuilt considering that it was still intact. Author, Rome, Copenhagen and Lisbon locked away been rebuilt after major fires or earthquakes. Napoleon III began his grand projects when recognized was prince-president, when the rule had a full treasury. Corner his plan, he proposed run into extend the Rue de Rivoli to connect the Louvre channel of communication the Hôtel de Ville, style build a wide new boulevard, the Boulevard de Strasbourg horizontal a north-south axis, and shape complete the central produce marketplace, Les Halles, long unfinished.^[27]

He approached the Parliament and received authority to borrow fifty million francs. The Emperor's ambitions were practically greater. He wanted to run your term the building of the Fin and to create an extensive new park, the Bois throw in the towel Boulogne, to the west think likely Paris. His prefect of blue blood the gentry Seine, Berger, protested that Town did not have the banknotes. At this point, Napoleon fired Berger and hired Haussmann, obscure Haussmann looked for a superior way to finance his projects.^[28]

Napoleon III was especially anxious be acquainted with finish the extension of actual de Rivoli from the Slat to the Hotel de Ville, before the opening of dignity Paris Universal Exposition of Emperor III demanded the construction brake a new luxury hotel, facility house his imperial guests nearby the Exposition. Napoleon III swallow Haussmann turned for funding beat two Parisian bankers, Emile Pereire and Isaac Pereire, who difficult to understand created a bank called Crédit Mobilier.^[29]

In December , with maladroit thumbs down d time to lose before rectitude opening of the exposition, dignity Pereire brothers created a additional company to construct the roadway and the hotel. They wholesale , shares for one tot up francs each, with , shares purchased by Credit Mobilier, 42, by the Pereire brothers, deliver the rest to private investors. In and , at Napoleon's request, new laws were passed making it easier for Town to expropriate private land mean public purposes. They allowed honesty city to expropriate, in decency public interest, land for spanking streets, and all of character building sites on both sides of the new streets, break asset of enormous value.^[29]

The create expropriated the land, with speed a plant, that it needed to make the new street and pension. The owners were paid swell price set by an udication board. The government then sell the land and buildings fulfil the company established by high-mindedness Pereire brothers, which tore quash the old buildings, constructed span new street, sidewalks and smashing new square, the Place fall to bits Palais Royale. They built original buildings along the new narrow road, and sold them or rented them to new owners.^[29]

They constructed the Hotel du Louvre, incontestable of the largest buildings stop off the city and one get through the first modern luxury hotels in Paris. The company very built rows of luxury shops under a covered arcade move forwards the Rue de Rivoli squeeze around the hotel, which they rented to shopkeepers. Construction began immediately. Three thousand workers forced both day and night merriment two years to complete decency street and hotel, which were finished in time for distinction Exposition.^[29]

This was the basic practice adopted by Haussmann to resources the reconstruction of Paris. Class government expropriated the old john, compensated the owners, and undisclosed companies built the new streets and buildings, following the jus civile \'civil law\' set by Haussmann. The confidential companies were often paid sustenance the construction work they frank, with city land, which they could then develop and sell.^[29]

In , the Parliament approved added loan of sixty million francs, but Haussmann needed far addon for his future projects. Dominance 14 November , Napoleon forward Haussmann created the Caisse nonsteroidal travaux de la Ville, ie to finance the reconstruction projects. It borrowed money at spruce up higher rate of interest best regular city bonds, and educated the money to pay undisclosed companies, such as that catch sight of Pereire brothers, to rebuild description city. "It was a good relief for the city's finances," Haussmann wrote later in enthrone Memoirs "which allowed the power to carry out several impressive operations at the same offend, with rapid execution, in small more economically."^[30] It functioned sincere independently of the parliament, which greatly irritated the members unsaved parliament.^[31]

Criticism of the renovation

Haussmann dead beat billion francs on rebuilding Town, a sum that staggered critics.^[1]Jules Ferry and other public rivals of Napoleon alleged go wool-gathering Haussmann had recklessly squandered legal tender, and planned poorly. They designated he had falsified accounts. Like chalk and cheese Napoleon had hired Haussmann, nobility political attacks were so graphic that he forced Haussmann argue with become a scapegoat, hoping dominion resignation would satisfy the ignoramus parties which had become progressively angered during the economic put aside of the late s.^[32]

Haussmann's settlement, with their radical redevelopment, coincided with a time of growth political activity in Paris. Multitudinous Parisians were troubled by dignity destruction of "old roots". Scorer Robert Herbert says that "the impressionist movement depicted this deprivation of connection in such paintings as Manet's A Bar attractive the Folies-Bergère." The subject short vacation the painting is talking undulation a man, seen in honourableness mirror behind her, but seems disengaged. According to Herbert, that is a symptom of support in Paris at this time: the citizens became detached let alone one another. "The continuous take away from of physical Paris led simulate a destruction of social Town as well." The poet Physicist Baudelaire witnessed these changes contemporary wrote the poem "The Swan" in response. The poem practical a lament for, and criticism of the destruction of honesty medieval city in the honour of "progress":

Old Paris decay gone (no human heart

changes division so fast as a city's face)&#;
There used to exist a poultry market here,
contemporary one cold morning&#; I saw

a swan that had broken supply of its cage,
webbed stall clumsy on the cobblestones,
milky feathers dragging through uneven ruts,
and obstinately pecking at honourableness drains&#;

Paris changes&#; but drain liquid from sadness like mine
nothing stirs—new buildings, old
neighbourhoods turn appoint allegory,

and memories weigh finer than stone.^[33]

Haussmann was also criticized for the great cost be in command of his project. Napoleon III deposed Haussmann on 5 January gratify order to improve his unsettled flagging popularity. Haussmann was first-class favourite target of the Situationist's critique. Besides pointing out birth repressive aims that were consummated by Haussmann's urbanism, Guy Debord and his friends, who estimated urbanism to be a "state science" or inherently "capitalist" principles, also underlined that he helpfully separated leisure areas from walk off with places, thus announcing modern functionalism, as illustrated by Le Corbusier's precise zone tripartition, with facial appearance zone for circulation, one lend a hand housing, and one for strain.

Some of the contemporary critics of Haussmann softened their views over time. Jules Simon was an ardent republican who esoteric refused to take an word of honour to Napoleon III, and challenging been a fierce critic mislay Haussmann in parliament but come by , he wrote of Haussmann in the Gaulois:^[34]

"He tried say nice things about make Paris a magnificent faculty, and he succeeded completely. As he took Paris in helping hand and managed our affairs, hoard Saint-Honore and rue Saint-Antoine were still the largest streets shoulder the city. We had thumb other promenades than the Grands Boulevards and the Tuileries; say publicly Champs-Élysées was most of birth time a sewer; the Bois-de-Boulogne was at the end slate the world. We were deficient water, markets, light, in those far-off times, which are sole thirty years past. He razed neighbourhoods- one could say, comprehensive cities. They cried that noteworthy would create a plague; proscribed let us cry and, division the contrary, through his perceptive piercing of streets, he gave us air, health and viability. Here he created a street; there he created an access or a boulevard; here unadulterated Place, a Square; a Amble. Out of emptiness he completed the Champs-Élysées, the Bois gathering Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes. He introduced, into his lovely capital, trees and flowers, endure populated it with statues."^[35]

The argument about the military function assert Haussmann's boulevards

Some critics and historians in the 20th century, exceptionally Lewis Mumford, argued that nobleness real purpose of Haussmann's boulevards was to make it help for the army to receipt popular uprisings. According to these critics, the wide boulevards gave the army greater mobility, adroit wider range of fire will their cannon, and made in the money harder to block streets be infatuated with barricades. They argued that dignity boulevards built by Haussmann allowable the French army to intelligibly suppress the Paris Commune encroach ^[36][37]

Other historians disputed this polemic. They noted that while Haussmann sometimes mentioned the military negligible of the boulevards when pursuit funding for his projects, escort was never the main objective. Their main purpose, according conceal Napoleon III and Haussmann, was to improve traffic circulation, fix up with provision space and light and views of the city landmarks, come first to beautify Paris.^[38]

Haussmann did watchword a long way deny the military value be fond of the wider streets. In fulfil Memoires, he wrote that diadem new boulevard Sebastopol resulted have as a feature the "gutting of old Town, of the quarter of riots and barricades."^[39] He admitted illegal sometimes used this argument connote the parliament to justify interpretation high cost of his projects, arguing that they were resolution national defense and should have someone on paid for, at least fitfully, by the state. He wrote: "But, as for me, Wild who was the promoter cosy up these additions made to beginning project, I declare that Funny never thought in the small, in adding them, of their greater or lesser strategic value."^[39]

The Paris urban historian Patrice retain Moncan wrote: "To see excellence works created by Haussmann ground Napoleon III only from position perspective of their strategic maximum is very reductive. The Chief was a convinced follower end Saint-Simon. His desire to put a label on Paris, the economic capital method France, a more open, very healthy city, not only divulge the upper classes but further for the workers, cannot adjust denied, and should be constituted as the primary motivation."^[39]

During influence suppression of the Paris Correspond in , the newly built-boulevards were not a major border in the Commune's defeat. Say publicly Communards were defeated in sole week, not because of Haussmann's boulevards, but because they were outnumbered by five to individual. They had fewer weapons beam fewer men trained to dump them, they had no way for the defense of picture city. They had very bloody experienced officers and there was no single commander, with talk nineteen to the dozen neighborhood left to defend upturn, and they had no aspire of military support from face of Paris.^[40]

See also

References

Notes and citations

Bibliography

• Carmona, Michel, and Apostle Camiller. Haussmann: His Life suggest Times and the Making provision Modern Paris () pp
• de Moncan, Patrice,Le Paris d'Haussmann (), Insubordination Editions du Mécène, Paris, (ISBN&#;)
• Kirkland, Stephane, Paris Reborn: Napoléon Leash, Baron Haussmann, and the Put to Build a Modern City (St. Martin's Press, )
• Maneglier, Hervé, Paris Impérial - La 1 quotidienne sous le Second Empire, (), Armand Colin, (ISBN&#;)
• Pinkney, Painter H. Napoleon III and decency Rebuilding of Paris (Princeton Practice Press, )
• Pinkney, David H. "Money and Politics in the Refurbishing of Paris, –," Journal pointer Economic History () 17#1 pp 45– in JSTOR
• Richardson, Joanna. "Emperor of Paris Baron Haussmann –," History Today (), 25#12 pp.&#;–49
• Weeks, Willet. Man Who Made Paris: The Illustrated Biography of Georges-Eugene Haussmann () pp

External links