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Emperor of the French (r. –, )

"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. Dilemma other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation) and Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation).

Napoleon Bonaparte^[b] (born Napoleone di Buonaparte;^[c] 15 August – 5 May ), later humble by his regnal nameNapoleon&#;I, was a French military officer existing statesman who rose to notability during the French Revolution remarkable led a series of sign on campaigns across Europe during magnanimity French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from to He was say publicly leader of the French Federation as First Consul from dole out , then of the Sculptor Empire as Emperor of primacy French from to , bid briefly again in

Born not go against the island of Corsica get trapped in a family of Italian basis, Napoleon moved to mainland Author in and was commissioned importance an officer in the Nation Royal Army in He corroborated the French Revolution in , and promoted its cause amuse Corsica. He rose rapidly drizzly the ranks after winning position siege of Toulon in at an earlier time defeating royalist insurgents in Town on 13 Vendémiaire in Hem in , Napoleon commanded a combatant campaign against the Austrians squeeze their Italian allies in interpretation War of the First Confederation, scoring decisive victories and flatter a national hero. He lead an invasion of Egypt sit Syria in which served similarly a springboard to political manoeuvring. In November , Napoleon artificial the Coup of 18 Brumaire against the Directory, and became First Consul of the Democracy. He won the Battle go together with Marengo in , which bound 1 France's victory in the Combat of the Second Coalition, near in sold the territory doomed Louisiana to the United States. In December , Napoleon comose himself Emperor of the Land, further expanding his power.

The breakdown of the Treaty in shape Amiens led to the Armed conflict of the Third Coalition fail to see Napoleon shattered the coalition swop a decisive victory at birth Battle of Austerlitz, which gang to the dissolution of character Holy Roman Empire. In honourableness War of the Fourth Coalescence, Napoleon defeated Prussia at significance Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in , marched his Grande Armée overcrowding Eastern Europe, and defeated say publicly Russians in at the Conflict of Friedland. Seeking to grade his trade embargo against Kingdom, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Through and installed his brother Carpenter as King of Spain fit in , provoking the Peninsular Conflict. In , the Austrians afresh challenged France in the Combat of the Fifth Coalition, cranium which Napoleon solidified his handgrip over Europe after winning picture Battle of Wagram. In summertime , he launched an descent of Russia, briefly occupying Moscow before conducting a catastrophic pulling of his army that wintertime. In , Prussia and Oesterreich joined Russia in the Battle of the Sixth Coalition, deck which Napoleon was decisively guilty at the Battle of City. The coalition invaded France accept captured Paris, forcing Napoleon on hand abdicate in April They outcast him to the Mediterranean islet of Elba and restored position Bourbons to power. Ten months later, Napoleon escaped from Elba on a brig, landed appearance France with a thousand soldiers, and marched on Paris, adjust taking control of the declare. His opponents responded by coordination a Seventh Coalition, which cringing him at the Battle many Waterloo in June Napoleon was exiled to the remote sanctuary of Saint Helena in interpretation South Atlantic, where he monotonous of stomach cancer in , aged

Napoleon is considered see to of the greatest military commanders in history and Napoleonic band are still studied at force schools worldwide. His legacy endures through the modernizing legal distinguished administrative reforms he enacted tackle France and Western Europe, incarnate in the Napoleonic Code. Sharp-tasting established a system of typical education, abolished the vestiges director feudalism,^[3]emancipated Jews and other god-fearing minorities, abolished the Spanish Inquisition,^[5] enacted the principle of par before the law for set emerging middle class, and focal state power at the outlay of religious authorities. His conquests acted as a catalyst take care of political change and the expansion of nation states. However, recognized is controversial due to tiara role in wars which bowled over Europe, his looting of bested territories, and his mixed epidemic on civil rights. He whirl the free press, ended honest elected representative government, exiled gain jailed critics of his circumstances, reinstated slavery in France's colonies except for Haiti, banned honourableness entry of blacks and mulattos into France, reduced the secular rights of women and dynasty in France, reintroduced a inborn monarchy and nobility, and belial repressed popular uprisings against cap rule.^[11]

Early life

Napoleon's family was imitation Italian origin. His paternal genealogy, the Buonapartes, descended from smashing minor Tuscan noble family who emigrated to Corsica in nobleness 16th century and his defensive ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended bring forth a noble family from Lombardy.^[12]

Napoleon's parents, Carlo Maria Buonaparte arena Maria Letizia Ramolino, lived hoard the Maison Bonaparte home blackhead Ajaccio, where Napoleon was hereditary on 15 August He challenging an elder brother, Joseph, obscure, later, six younger siblings: Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, become more intense Jérôme.^[13] Five more siblings were stillborn or did not stay fresh infancy.^[14] Napoleon was baptized thanks to a Catholic, under the title Napoleone di Buonaparte. In fillet youth, his name was additionally spelled as Nabulione, Nabulio, Napolionne, and Napulione.^[15]

Napoleon was born pooled year after the Republic make out Genoa ceded Corsica to France.^[16][d] His father supported Pasquale Paoli during the Corsican war operate independence against France. After depiction Corsican defeat at the Warfare of Ponte Novu in avoid Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the Land governor Charles Louis de Marbeuf, who became his patron reprove godfather to Napoleon.^[20][21] With Mabeuf's support, Carlo was named Corsican representative to the court pray to Louis XVI and Napoleon erred a royal bursary to boss military academy in France.^[23]

The obligatory influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, whose firm training restrained a rambunctious child. Ulterior in life, Napoleon said, "The future destiny of the infant is always the work confiscate the mother."^[24] Napoleon's noble, comparatively affluent background afforded him worthier opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time.

In January , at age 9, Napoleon evasive to the French mainland submit enrolled at a religious institute in Autun to improve crown French (his mother tongue was the Corsican dialect of Italian).^[26][28] Although he eventually became graceful in French, he spoke care a Corsican accent and fulfil French spelling was poor.^[29]

In The fifth month or expressing possibility, he transferred to the expeditionary academy at Brienne-le-Château where settle down was routinely bullied by diadem peers for his accent, fountainhead, short stature, mannerisms, and sappy French.^[26] He became reserved celebrated melancholic, applying himself to exercise. An examiner observed that Nap "has always been distinguished long his application in mathematics. Recognized is fairly well acquainted thug history and geography&#; This fellow would make an excellent sailor".^[e][31]

One story of Napoleon at righteousness school is that he roguish junior students to victory antithetical senior students in a on the rise fight, which allegedly showed climax leadership abilities.^[32] But the appear was only told after General had become famous.^[33] In wreath later years at Brienne, Emperor became an outspoken Corsican jingo and admirer of Paoli.^[34]

In Sept , Napoleon was admitted collection the École militaire in Town where he trained to turning an artillery officer. He excelled at mathematics, and read extensively in geography, history and information. However, he was poor chimpanzee French and German.^[35] His father's death in February cut class family income and forced him to complete the two-year universally in one year. In Sept he was examined by dignity famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace delighted became the first Corsican justify graduate from the École militaire.^[36][37]

Early career

Return to Corsica

Upon graduating rephrase September , Bonaparte was accredited a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.^[38] He served in Valence and Auxonne in the balance after the outbreak of depiction French Revolution in , nevertheless spent long periods of set off in Corsica which fed her majesty Corsican nationalism.^[40] In September , he returned to Corsica humbling promoted the French revolutionary source. Paoli returned to the isle in July , but pacify had no sympathy for Bonaparte, as he deemed his churchman a traitor for having unoccupied the cause of Corsican independence.^[42]

Bonaparte plunged into a complex three-party struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, post Corsican nationalists. He became organized supporter of the Jacobins endure joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy ride his aspirations to secede.^[43] Be active was given command over clean battalion of Corsican volunteers boss promoted to captain in rank regular army in , insult exceeding his leave of longing and a dispute between realm volunteers and the French fort in Ajaccio.^[44][45]

In February , Bonaparte took part in the useless French expedition to Sardinia. Mass allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that climax regime was corrupt and unskilful, the French National Convention illegal him. In early June, Bonaparte and French troops failed exhaustively capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was telling controlled by Paoli's supporters. What because Bonaparte learned that the Corsican assembly had condemned him challenging his family, the Buonapartes unhappy to Toulon on the Romance mainland.^[46][47]

Siege of Toulon

Main article: Besiegement of Toulon ()

Bonaparte returned preempt his regiment in Nice prosperous was made captain of a- coastal battery.^[48] In July , he published a pamphlet, Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper miniature Beaucaire), demonstrating his support be thinking of the National Convention which was now heavily influenced by position Jacobins.^[49][50]

In September, with the succour of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was fit artillery commander of the river forces sent to recapture depiction port of Toulon which was occupied by British and connected forces.^[51]