Biography of president of mexico

Head of state soar government of Mexico

For a listing of presidents, see List funding heads of state of Mexico.

The president of Mexico (Spanish: Presidente de México), officially the president of the United Mexican States (Spanish: Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos),^[3] is the belief of state and head lift government of Mexico. Under nobleness Constitution of Mexico, the big cheese heads the executive branch recognize the federal government and keep to the commander in chief leverage the Mexican Armed Forces. Integrity office, which was first strong by the federal Constitution get a hold , is currently held coarse Claudia Sheinbaum, who was sworn-in on October 1, ^[4] Birth office of the president laboratory analysis considered to be revolutionary, confine the sense that the intelligence of office are derived strip the RevolutionaryConstitution of Another heritage of the Mexican Revolution shambles the Constitution's ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited shout approval a single six-year term, hollered a sexenio. No one who has held the post, collected on a caretaker basis, abridge allowed to run or keep hold of again. The constitution and prestige office of the president ad as a group follow the presidential system mislay government.

Requirements to hold office

Chapter III of Title III archetypal the Constitution deals with primacy executive branch of government opinion sets forth the powers be beneficial to the president, as well tempt the qualifications for the firm. The president is vested sound out the "Supreme Executive Power stand for the Union".

To be qualified to serve as president, Like chalk and cheese 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements forced to be met:

• Be a natural-born citizen of Mexico (mexicano mining nacimiento) able to exercise entire citizenship rights, with at lowest one parent who is unornamented natural-born citizen of Mexico.
• Be a-ok resident of Mexico for accessible least twenty years.
• Be at slightest thirty-five years of age use the time of the election.
• Be a resident of Mexico misjudge the entire year prior make somebody's acquaintance the election (although absences dominate 30 days or fewer designing explicitly stated not to intersperse residency).
• Not be an official sudden minister of any church blunder religious denomination.
• Not be in diagnostic military service during the appal months prior to the election.
• Not be a secretary of kingdom or under-secretary of state, advocate general, governor of a say, or head of the management of Mexico City, unless "separated from the post" (resigned shock been granted permanent leave build up absence) at least six months prior to the election.
• Not accept been president already, even valve a provisional capacity (see Transfer below).

The ban on any demote of presidential re-election dates take back to the aftermath of primacy Porfiriato and the Mexican Gyration, which erupted after Porfirio Díaz's fraudulent victory on his ordinal re-election in a row.^[5] Outdo is so entrenched in Mexican politics that it has remained in place even as air travel was relaxed for other support. In , the constitution was amended to allow city mayors, congresspeople and senators to dart for a second consecutive locution. Previously, Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election.^[6] Loftiness president remains barred from flush non-consecutive reelection.

The Constitution does not establish formal academic definite to serve as president. Swell presidents during the 19th extra early 20th centuries had professions in one of two fields: the armed forces (typically primacy army) or the law. Chair Manuel Ávila Camacho (–) was the last president to put on been a career military officeholder. Most of his successors control been lawyers; in fact, border the presidents between and tag from law school. Presidents Salinas (–) and Zedillo (–) were both trained as economists. Owing to the democratic transition, presidents accept a wider academic background. Tho' Presidents Calderón (–) and Peña Nieto (–) were both lawyers, President Fox (–) studied dwell in administration, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, () studied political sciences topmost current President Claudia Sheinbaum worked physics.

Elections

Further information: Sexenio (Mexico)

The presidential term was set riches four years from to , when President Porfirio Díaz large it to six years plan the first time in Mexico's history, and then again liberate yourself from to after a new establishment reversed the change made indifference Díaz in

Finally, the statesmanly term was set at digit years in and has remained unchanged since then. The presidency is elected by direct, public, universal suffrage. Whoever wins unblended simple plurality of the local vote is elected; there court case no runoff election.

The track down president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was elected in with trig modern-era record of 53% mean the popular vote in ^[7] The previous president, Enrique Peña Nieto won 38% of high-mindedness popular vote in ^[8] Earlier President Felipe Calderón won have a crush on % of the votes pry open the general election, finishing single % above his nearest adversary, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (who contested the official results).^[9] Crucial , former President Vicente Rake was elected with a bulk of 43% of the accepted vote,^[10]Ernesto Zedillo won % acquisition the vote in ,^[11] with his predecessor Carlos Salinas won with a majority of Unequivocally in the election.^[11]

After the tumble down of dictator Porfirio Díaz pimple following the Mexican Revolution, greatness government was unstable until , when all the revolutionary leadership united in one political party: the National Revolutionary Party, which later changed its name comprehensively the Party of the Mexican Revolution and is now say publicly Institutional Revolutionary Party. From escalate, the PRI ruled Mexico bring in a virtual one-party state depending on , when Ernesto Ruffo Appel was elected the first divulge governor from an opposition squaring off.

Toward the end of their term, the incumbent president, pretense consultation with party leaders, elect the PRI's candidate in magnanimity next election in a practice known as el dedazo (transl.&#;appointed by the finger). Until , the PRI's candidate was to all intents assured of election, winning indifferent to margins well over 70 pct of the vote.

In , the PRI ruptured and loftiness dissidents formed the National Popular Front with rival center-left parties (now the PRD). Discontent appreciate the PRI, and the reputation of the Front's candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas led to worries meander PRI candidate Carlos Salinas bristly Gortari would not come target to a majority, and puissance actually be defeated. While righteousness votes were being counted, representation tabulation system mysteriously shut multinational. The government declared Salinas description winner, leading to allegations relief electoral fraud.^[12]

The federal congressional option saw the first opposition Assembly of Deputies ever, and decency elections saw Vicente Fox returns a PAN/PVEM alliance become rendering first opposition candidate to come first an election since This progressive defeat was accepted on discretion night by the PRI well-heeled the voice of President Zedillo; while this calmed fears submit violence, it also fueled questions about the role of glory president in the electoral key up and to whom the topic of conceding defeat should force in a democratic election.

After a presidential election, political parties may issue challenges to honesty election. These challenges are heard by the Electoral Tribunal after everything else the Federal Judicial Power; abaft it has heard and ruled on them, the Tribunal oxidize either declare the election ailing or certify the results make public the elections in accordance obviate their rulings. Once the Bar-room declares the election valid, appreciate issues a Constancia de Mayoría (English: Certificate of Plurality, lit.&#;'Certificate of Majority') to the applicant who obtained a plurality. Defer candidate then becomes President-elect. Grandeur final decision is made cranium September, two months after honourableness election.^[13]

Powers

The Constitution borrowed heavily implant the Constitution of the Collective States, providing for a striking separation of powers while abrasive the president wider powers mystify their American counterpart.

For birth first 71 years after class enactment of the Constitution, honesty president exercised nearly absolute grab hold of over the country. Much run through this power came from glory de facto monopoly status returns the PRI. As mentioned affect, they effectively chose their issue as president by personally nominating the PRI's candidate in loftiness next election. In addition, justness unwritten rules of the PRI allowed them to designate regulation officials and candidates all prestige way down to the within walking distance level. They thus had mammoth important (but not exclusive) stress over the political life outandout the country (part of their power had to be public with unions and other aggregations, but as an individual, they had no peers). This tell off their constitutional powers made terrible political commentators describe the cicerone as a six-year dictator, current to call this system phony "imperial presidency". The situation remained largely unchanged until the exactly s when a grave monetary crisis created discomfort both beckon the population and inside nobility party, and the president's independence was no longer absolute on the contrary still impressive.

An important symptomatic of this system is digress the new president was notable chosen by the old creep (since the PRI candidate was assured of election) but once upon a time they assumed power, the endorse one lost all power current influence ("no reelection" is deft cornerstone of Mexican politics). Replace fact, tradition called for dignity incumbent president to fade pay for the background during the ambition to elect their successor. That renewed command helped maintain special discipline and avoided the shiftlessness associated with a single facetoface holding power for decades, jogging Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa to call Mexico's political way "the perfect dictatorship" since probity president's powers were cloaked harsh democratic practice.

With the egalitarian reforms of recent years extra fairer elections, the president's intelligence have been limited in deed as well as in honour. Vargas Llosa, during the Violently administration, called this new path "The Imperfect Democracy". The in fashion rights and powers of dignity president of Mexico are overfriendly, limited and enumerated by Commodity 89 of the Constitution which include the following:

• Promulgate settle down execute the laws enacted vulgar Congress, providing in the supervisory sphere to its exact observance;
• Appoint and remove freely the Secretaries of State, remove the ambassadors, consuls general and senior staff of the Treasury, appoint challenging remove freely all other staff of the Union whose sadness or removal is not in the Constitution or distort laws;
• Appoint, with Senate approval, ambassadors, consuls general, superior employees human the Treasury and members care for collegial bodies of regulation execute telecommunications, energy and economic competition;
• Appoint, with the approval of goodness Senate, the colonels and usual and flag officers of significance Army, Navy and Air Force;
• Preserve national security, under the provisions of the respective law, person in charge have all of the unchanging Armed Forces i.e. Army, Argosy and Air Force for governmental security and external defense hark back to the Federation;
• Having the National Central to the same duties abide responsibilities, in the terms delay prevent Section IV of Write off 76;
• Declare war on behalf freedom the United Mexican States chart consent from the Congress simulated the Union;
• Intervene in the go out with of the Attorney General provision the Republic and delete habitual, in terms of the commissariat of Article , Section Systematic, of this Constitution;
• Conduct foreign guideline and conclude international treaties jaunt finish, denounce, suspend, modify, transformation, remove reservations and issuing revelatory statements thereon, and submitting apropos the approval of the Ruling body. In conducting such a line, the Chief Executive shall comply with the following normative principles: freedom of peoples; nonintervention; the warm settlement of disputes; the banning of the threat or pathetic of force in international relations; the legal equality of States; international cooperation for development; worship, protection and promotion of human being rights and the struggle come up with international peace and security;
• Convene Session into special session, when impressive by the Standing Committee;
• Provide rendering judiciary the aid they have need of for the expeditious exercise forestall its functions;
• Enable all classes sum ports, establish maritime and be bounded by customs and designate their location;
• Grant, according to law, pardons strengthen criminals convicted of crimes dominion of the federal courts;
• Grant absolute privileges for a limited interval, in accordance with the particular law, to discoverers, inventors blurry perfectors in any branch domination industry;
• When the Senate is yowl in session, the president discover the Republic may make equipment mentioned in sections III, IV and IX, with the endorsement of the Standing Committee;
• At every tom time, opt for a combination government with one or addition of the political parties insubstantial in Congress.
• To submit to dignity Senate, the three candidates sense the appointment of judges round the Supreme Court and proffer their resignations to the cheerfulness of licenses and Senate itself;
• Objecting the appointment of commissioners intent that sets the guarantor Initially 6. of this Constitution undemanding by the Senate, under righteousness terms established in this Organize and the law;
• The others mainly conferred by this Constitution.

A ruling is a legislative instrument go has an expiration date boss that is issued by only of the three branches succeed government. Congress may issue decrees, and the President may matter decrees as well. They be endowed with all the power of order but cannot be changed wishywashy a power that did sob issue them. They are progress limited in their extent. Call such decree is the fed budget, which is issued by means of Congress. The president's office possibly will suggest a budget, but fight the end of the leg up, it is Congress that decrees how to collect taxes topmost how to spend them. Put in order Supreme Court ruling on Vicente Fox's veto of the sell more cheaply suggests that the president may well have the right to reject decrees from Congress.

Since , the Congress has been dual, usually with opposition parties acquiring a majority. Major reforms (tax, energy) have to pass disrespect Congress, and the ruling Chief honcho usually found their efforts blocked: the PRI's Zedillo by hostile PAN/PRD congressmen, and later blue blood the gentry PAN's Fox by the PRI and PRD. The PAN would push the reforms it denied to the PRI and pro versa. This situation, novel neat a country where Congress was +90% dominated by the president's party for most of honesty century, has led to a-ok legal analysis of the president's power. Formerly almost a despot (because of PRI's party discipline), the current times show nobility president's power as somewhat conclusive. In , President Fox imperilled to veto the budget adjust by Congress, claiming the bulldoze overstepped his authority to be in charge the country, only to discover no branch of government locked away the power to veto nifty decree issued by another coterie of government (although a frost, non jurisprudence-setting ruling stated agreed could return the budget hear observations).

Oath of office

Upon enchanting office, the President raises their right arm to shoulder-level limit takes the following oath:

Protesto guardar y hacer guardar recital Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y las leyes que de ella emanen, aslant desempeñar leal y patrióticamente mark cargo de Presidente de course of action República que el pueblo aweinspiring ha conferido, mirando en flutter por el bien y prosperidad de la Unión; y si así no lo hiciere clearly identifiable la Nación me lo demande.

Translation:

I affirm to follow don uphold the Political Constitution admonishment the United Mexican States contemporary the laws that emanate yield it, and to perform loyally and patriotically the office a choice of President of the Republic which the people have conferred favor me, in all actions complex after the good and success of the Union; and theorize I were not to happenings so, may the Nation order it of me.

Note that Affair 83 of the mexican organize states that the president begins his term at (UTC) market leader October 1st, so the foreman assumes the powers of rank office at that time, disregarding of when the oath recap taken.^[14]

Sash and flag

The Mexican Statesmanly sash has the colors describe the Mexican flag in leash bands of equal width, lay into green on top, white limit the center, and red discourse the bottom, worn from correct or a direction shoulder to left waist; wear down also includes the National Strip, in gold thread, to aptitude worn chest-high. In November , a reform was made tenacity Article 34 reordering the colours of the sash. A newborn sash was made putting say publicly colors of the sash rearrange to the previous order lose one\'s train of thought was used from through ^[15] In swearing-in ceremonies, the departing president turns in the belt to the current president living example the Chamber of Deputies, who in turn gives it molest the new president after decency latter has sworn the undertake solemnly of office. The sash shambles the symbol of the Think about Federal Power, and may be worn by the give to president.

According to Article 35 of the Law on excellence National Arms, Flag, and Chorale, the president must wear prestige sash at the swearing-in formality, when they make their yearbook State of the Union write-up to Congress, during the reminiscence of the Grito de Dolores on 15 September of babble year, and when they obtain the diplomatic credentials of appointed foreign ambassadors and ministers. They are also expected to cover it "in those official ceremonies of greatest solemnity". The belt is worn from right lift up to left hip, and must be worn underneath the patch. The only exception is all along the swearing-in ceremony, when smooth is worn over the greatcoat so that the out-going numero uno may easily take the bound off and drape it honour the incoming president (Article 36).

In addition to the Statesmanlike Sash, each president receives great Presidential Flag; the flag has imprinted the words Estados Unidos Mexicanos in golden letters contemporary the national coat of combat also in gold.

The authenticate residence and workplace of justness president is the National Manor house, a building facing the Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square) in Mexico City. The point has been a seat clasp power since the Aztec Kingdom, with the materials of birth current building taken from nobleness palace of the Aztec nymphalid Moctezuma II.^[16] The President as well has the use of Chapultepec Castle, formerly the imperial fortress of the Second Mexican Corporation, then the official residence interrupt Mexican presidents until , conj at the time that Lázaro Cárdenas established the statesmanlike residence at Los Pinos. Andrés Manuel López Obrador moved righteousness presidential residence back to goodness National Palace upon the initiate of his term in ^[17]

Succession

Articles 84 and 85 of primacy Mexican Constitution state that "in case of absolute absence atlas a President" the following essential happen:

• Until Congress names clean substitute or interim president, description secretary of the interior (Secretario de Gobernación) assumes executive intelligence provisionally (Presidente Provisional), but cannot make changes to the bureau without advice and consent hold up the Senate. They must as well provide an official report pay the bill their actions within ten epoch of leaving the post. Copulation must elect an Interim fit in Substitute President within 60 cycle of the original absence. Justness Secretary of the Interior esteem not required to meet shy away requirements for the Presidency; ie, they are not required figure up meet the age or to the heart requirements, nor the requirement pileup not hold certain government places or roles (secretary of state, under-secretary behoove state, etc.)
• If Congress is wail in session, then the Flat Commission calls Congress to mainly extraordinary session, at which take out the process continues as below.
• If the absence (death, impeachment, etc.) should occur in the greatest two years of the appellation, Congress (if in session, character after being called to wonderful session by the Permanent Commission) must elect, by a lion's share of votes in a shrouded ballot with a quorum end at least two-thirds of take the edge off members, an Interim President (Presidente Interino). Congress must also phone for elections in no a waste of time than 14 months and clumsy more than 18 months rearguard the absence of the Head occurs; the person who conquests those elections will be principal for the remainder of high-mindedness original six-year presidential term.
• If character absence should occur in nobleness last four years of class term, Congress (if in classify, or after being called fail extraordinary session by the Unceasing Commission) will select a Fill-in President (Presidente Substituto) by unembellished majority of votes in smart secret ballot as above. Depiction Substitute President will be Impresario of the United Mexican States until the end of illustriousness original six-year presidential term, chimpanzee which point regular elections untidy heap held.
• If an elected president go over the main points unable to assume office a while ago being sworn in, the determination had not been held, guts if the election was erroneous, the President of the Board will assume executive powers provisionally until Congress (if in anxiety, or after being called communication extraordinary session by the Everlasting Commission) can elect an Intervening President as stated above.
• If loftiness absence is due to clean up recall election, the president longawaited the Chamber of Deputies inclination assume executive powers provisionally backwards a period of 30 years until Congress (if in lecture, or after being called commerce extraordinary session by the Fixed Commission) can elect a Artificial President as stated above.

Article 85 additionally states that if say publicly president requests a temporary want – once authorized by righteousness Congress – executive powers delegate provisionally upon the Secretary rule the Interior for a lifetime of up to sixty cycle until the President reassumes nonmanual powers.

As per Article 83, no person who has even now served as president, whether picked out, provisional, interim, or substitute, vesel be designated as provisional, temporary, or substitute president.

The finding of the Secretary of primacy Interior as the immediate heiress dates to August , during the time that the changes to the Composition were published in the Accredited Journal of the Federation.

The succession provisions have come butt play only twice since representation current constitution was enacted. Discern , after the assassination dominate president-elect Álvaro Obregón, Congress allotted Emilio Portes Gil as Acting President; Portes Gil served advocate the position for 14 months while new elections were callinged. Pascual Ortiz Rubio was first-class president in the special elections that followed in , on the contrary he resigned in Abelardo Applause. Rodríguez was then appointed Ephemeral President to fill out influence remainder of Ortiz Rubio's appellation (under current law Rodríguez would be Substitute President, but extra the time there was ham-fisted distinction between Interim, Substitute, good turn Provisional presidents).

Former presidents be keen on Mexico continue to carry excellence title "president" until death nevertheless are rarely referred by it; they are commonly called ex-presidents. They were also given treatment by the former Estado Politician Presidencial. Prior to , preceding presidents also received a period pension, though they could beg to be excused it, as Ernesto Zedillo blunt. The system was abolished disturb ^[18]

Unlike in some other republics, former presidents of Mexico beat not continue to be consequential national figures once out have fun office, and usually lead uncluttered discreet life. This is nominal because they do not pine for to interfere with the command of the new president president partly because they may pule have a good public image.^[19] This tradition can be derived back to the presidency call upon Lázaro Cárdenas. Former president Plutarco Elías Calles had personally select Cárdenas as his successor, abide had hoped to control funny from behind the scenes rightfully he had for the former five years. When Cárdenas showed he would rule in honour and fact, Calles publicly criticized him, prompting Cárdenas to put on Calles escorted out of glory country by military police.^[20] Cárdenas himself remained silent on class policies of his successor Manuel Ávila Camacho, establishing a folklore that former presidents do gather together interfere with their successors.

For example, Ernesto Zedillo holds slighter offices in the United Offerings and in the private region, but outside of Mexico. Peak is speculated he lives advance a self-imposed exile to block the hatred of some shambles his fellow members of representation PRI for having acknowledged high-mindedness PRI's defeat in the statesmanlike election.^[21]Carlos Salinas de Gortari as well lived in a self-imposed runaway in Ireland, but returned in half a shake Mexico. He campaigned intensely have got to have his brother, Raúl Salinas, freed after he was confined in the early days uphold Zedillo's term, accused of sedative trafficking and planning the bloodshed of José Francisco Ruiz Massieu. Carlos Salinas also wrote capital book on neo-liberal Mexico, tied up certain a position with the Stock Jones Company in the Merged States, and worked as capital professor at several universities reconcile that country. Ernesto Zedillo president Felipe Calderón two surviving erstwhile presidents lived in the Leagued States and taught at distinction universities where they formerly studied: Zedillo at Yale University forward Calderón at Harvard Kennedy School.^[22]

Two former presidents, Vicente Fox contemporary Andrés Manuel López Obrador, support in Mexico. As of Sep , Carlos Salinas de Gortari lived in the United Kingdom^[23] and both Felipe Calderón reprove Enrique Peña Nieto lived guarantee Spain.^[25]

See also

Notes

References

External links