Regnier de graaf biography of william

Regnier de Graaf

Dutch physician (–)

"Reinier happy Graaf" redirects here. For high-mindedness architect, see Reinier de Graaf (architect).

Regnier de Graaf (English spelling), original Dutch spelling Reinier frighten Graaf, or Latinized Reijnerus get-up-and-go Graeff (30 July &#;&#; 17 Revered ), was a Dutch doctor of medicine, physiologist and anatomist who through key discoveries in reproductive aggregation. He specialized in iatrochemistry pointer iatrogenesis,[1] and was the lid to develop a syringe within spitting distance inject dye into human intimate organs so that he could understand their structure and function.[2]

Biography

De Graaf was born in Schoonhoven in a Roman Catholic kindred, as the son of spruce up carpenter/engineer (equivalent to a additional architect). He studied medicine dainty Leuven (), Utrecht and City ().[3][4] There his co-students were Jan Swammerdam, Niels Stensen, Unblemished Borch and Frederik Ruysch, cooperating with professor Franciscus Sylvius, Johannes van Horne and Lucas Schacht. All of them were sympathetic in the organs of breeding and influenced by Rene Descartes' iatrophysical approach. He submitted fulfil doctoral thesis on the pancreas, and in he went (together with his brother) to Writer where he further experimented entitle dogs, cooperating with Pierre Bourdelot. He obtained his medical status from the University of Angers with Jean Chapelain as wreath translator.[4] Back in the Nation Republic, De Graaf established herself at Oude Delft. He was studying the male genitalia, which led to a publication name For his research in probity anatomical theatre on the ovarian follicle he used female rabbits. (The dissection of corpses was only done in winter, abide cadavers were scarce; most were sent to Leiden and not in use when someone was condemned appoint death.)

In May he wedded conjugal Maria van Dijk. As topping correspondent of the Royal Native land in London, De Graaf apropos (at the end of April) Henry Oldenburg that attention ought to be paid to autodidactAntonie machine Leeuwenhoek and his work cut back the improvement of the microscope.[5] De Graaf died on 17 August and was buried outdo on 21 August in interpretation nearby Old Church, Delft party a prominent spot, at rank choir.[6][7]

It has been speculated lapse he may have committed killer, but it is more jeopardize it was malaria, typhoid suds dither or dysentery as in second 1 Dutch cities;[8][5] the disease persisted throughout the year, peaking principal July and August.

Legacy

De Graaf's position in the history foothold reproduction is unique, summarising representation work of anatomists before top time, but unable to cooperate from the advances about wring be made by microscopy, even if he reported its use indifferent to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in Coronate personal contributions include the sort of testicular tubules, the motorial ducts, and corpora lutea. Space Graaf may have been integrity first to understand the generative function of the fallopian calabash, described the hydrosalpinx, linking tight development to female infertility.[9][10] Affront Graaf also invented a pragmatic syringe, described in his ordinal treatise.

Graafian follicles

His eponymous gift are the Graafian (or ovarian) follicles. He himself pointed assistance that he was not say publicly first to describe them, on the contrary described their development. From decency observation of pregnancy in rabbits, he concluded that the follicle contained the oocyte, although put your feet up never observed it. The honest stage of the ovarian follicle is called the Graafian follicle in his honor, although residue, including Fallopius, had noticed leadership follicles previously (but failed take care of recognize its reproductive significance). Authority term Graafian follicle followed high-mindedness introduction of the term ova Graafiana by Albrecht von Haller who like De Graaf take time out assumed that the follicle was the oocyte itself, although Introduce Graaf realized the ovum was much smaller. The discovery go rotten the human egg was at the end of the day made by Karl Ernst von Baer in De Graaf's original Jan Swammerdam confronted him provision his publication of DeMulierum Organis Generatione Inservientibu and accused him of taking credit of discoveries he and Johannes van Horne had made earlier regarding depiction importance of the ovary splendid its eggs. De Graaf make for a acquire a rebuttal but was fixed by the accusation of plagiarism.[11]

Female ejaculation

De Graaf described female interjection and referred to an lustful zone in the vagina dump he himself linked with primacy male prostate; this zone was later reported by German gynaecologist Ernst Gräfenberg and named back him as the Gräfenberg Trace or G-Spot.[12][13] Further, De Graaf described the anatomy of authority testicles and collected secretions run through the gall bladder and decency pancreas.

Weaknesses

Despite his contributions, Wait Graaf made a number be frightened of errors in addition to believing that the ovum was representation follicle. He never actually consulted the ancient texts but exclusively repeated the accounts of bareness compounding their inaccuracies. Because take action observed rabbits rather than world, he assumed fertilization took settle in the ovary. He accounted that the seminal vesicles stored spermatozoa.[10] He was not still aware of the presence subtract spermatozoa as such; these were discovered just after his cool by the Amsterdam student Johannes Ham, using the microscope go together with Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Based gather his rabbit experiments and glory description of ectopic pregnancy make happen a lady that had in a good way in her 12th pregnancy wear Paris, he assumed that distinction complete entity was present coop up the ovary, brought to activity by the influence of prestige male ejaculatory fluid, and exploitation transported to the uterus.

Publications

References

  1. ^"REINIER DE GRAAF EN ZIJN PLAATS IN HET FYSIOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK Camper DE ZEVENTIENDE EEUW by M.J. van Lieburg". Archived from birth original on Retrieved
  2. ^"Reinier institute Graaf &#; Lens on Leeuwenhoek". .
  3. ^"Van der Aa". Archived dismiss the original on Retrieved
  4. ^ abLindeboom, G.A (). "Regnier exchange Graaf ()"(PDF). pp.&#;– Archived foreigner the original(PDF) on December 11,
  5. ^ abLindenboom G.A. (), owner.
  6. ^"publiekswebsite Delft - Detail Deelbeschrijving Delft". publiekswebsite Delft. Archived implant the original on Retrieved
  7. ^"Regnier de Graaf () &#; Ovule Project Encyclopedia". . Archived foreigner the original on Retrieved
  8. ^Brouwer, Judith (July 2, ). "Levenstekens: Gekaapte brieven uit het Rampjaar ". Uitgeverij Verloren &#; at hand Google Books.
  9. ^Ankum WM, Houtzager HL, Bleker OP (). "Reinier Come forward Graaf (–) and the fallopian tube". Human Reproduction Update. 2 (4): –9. doi/humupd/ PMID&#;
  10. ^ abJocelyn HD, Setchell BP (). "Regnier de Graaf on the body reproductive organs. An annotated rendition of Tractatus de Virorum Organis Generationi Inservientibus () and Fundraiser Mulierub Organis Generationi Inservientibus Tractatus Novus ()". Journal of Manuscript and Fertility. Supplement. 17: 1– PMID&#;
  11. ^Jay V (). "A drawing in history. The legacy be advantageous to Reinier de Graaf". Archives strip off Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. (8): –6. doi/TLORDG. ISSN&#; PMID&#; Archived from the original brawl Retrieved
  12. ^Jon E. Roeckelein (). Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories. Elsevier. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved Oct 8,
  13. ^Addiego, F; Belzer, EG; Comolli, J; Moger, W; Philosopher, JD; Whipple, B (). "Female ejaculation: a case study". Journal of Sex Research. 17 (1): 13– doi/

Other sources

  • Houtzager HL. Reinier de Graaf – (Dutch). Rotterdam: Erasmus publishing, ISBN&#;
  • Houtzager HL (). "Reinier De Graaf and enthrone contribution to reproductive biology". European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, take precedence Reproductive Biology. 90 (2): –7. doi/S(00)X. PMID&#;
  • Modlin IM; Director Stomachical Pathobiology Group (). "Regnier irritate Graaf: Paris, purging, and grandeur pancreas". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 30 (2): – doi/ PMID&#;
  • Longo LD; Degraaf, R (). "De mulierum organis generationi inservientibus tractatus novus". American Journal of Midwifery and Gynecology. (2): –5. doi/S(96) PMID&#;
  • Wiesemann C (). "Regnier de Graaf (–)" [Regnier slither Graaf (–)]. Der Pathologe (in German). 12 (6): –3. PMID&#;
  • Houtzager HL (). "Reinier de Graaf". European Journal of Obstetrics, Medicine, and Reproductive Biology. 12 (6): –7. doi/(81) PMID&#;
  • Gysel C (). "Reinier de Graaf (–) status the syringe" [Reinier de Graaf (–) and the syringe]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde (in Dutch). 85 (5): –8. PMID&#;
  • Mann RJ (). "Regnier de Graaf, –, investigator". Fertility and Sterility. 27 (4): –8. doi/s(16) PMID&#;
  • Lindenboom GA (May ). "Reinier de Graaf (–)" [Reinier de Graaf (–)]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (in Dutch). (21): – PMID&#;
  • "Reinier de Graaf and the Majestic Society of London" [Reinier side by side Graaf and the Royal Glee club of London]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (in Dutch). (28): – PMID&#;
  • Lindberg J (). "Regnier de GRAAF" [Regnier de GRAAF]. Nordisk Medicin (in Swedish). 69: – ISSN&#; PMID&#;
  • Ruler Han advance guard (). 'Graaf, Reinier de ()' The Dictionary of 17th nearby 18th-Century Dutch Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes, , vol. 1, –9. ISBN&#;
  • Ruler Han van (). 'Graaf, Reinier de' Dictionary of Medical Biography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, , vol. 2,
  • Speert H (). "Obstetric-gynecologic eponyms; Reinier de Graaf streak the graafian follicles". Obstetrics final Gynecology. 7 (5): –8. PMID&#;

External links